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remittances Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries. cyclic movement Movement - for example, nomadic migration - that has a closed route and is repeated annually or seasonally. activity (action) space The space within which daily activity occurs. nomadism Movement among a definite set of places - often cyclic movement. periodic movement Movement - for example, college attendance or military service - that involves temporary, recurrent relocation. migrant labor A common type of periodic movement involving millions of workers in the United States and tens of millions of workers worldwide who cross international borders in search of employment and become immigrants, in many instances. transhumance A seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures. military service Another common form of periodic movement involving as many as 10 million United States citizens in a given year, including military personnel and their families, who are moved to new locations where they will spend tours of duty lasting up to several years. migration A change in residence intended to be permanent. international migration Human movement involving movement across international boundaries. internal migration Human movement within a nation-state, such as ongoing westward and southward movements in the United States. forced migration Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate. voluntary migration Movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity, not because they are forced to move. laws of migration Developed by British demographer Ernst Ravenstein, five laws that predict the flow of migrants. gravity model A mathematical prediction of the interaction of places, the interaction being a function of population size of the respective places and the distance between them. push factor Negative conditions and perceptions that induce people to leave their abode and migrate to a new locale. pull factor Positive conditions and perceptions that effectively attract people to new locales from other areas. distance decay The effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction. step migration Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to town and city. intervening opportunity The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away. kinship links Types of push factors or pull factors that influence a migrant's decision to go where family or friends have already found success. chain migration Pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links (i.e. one migrant settles in a place and then writes, calls, or communicates through others to describe this place to family and friends who in turn then migrate there). immigration wave Phenomenon whereby different patterns of chain migration build upon one another to create a swell in migration from one origin to the same destination. explorer A person examining a region that is unknown to him.