Chapter 4 5 ap bio vocab
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nishfish05 on September 7, 2010
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biochemistry chem of life ap bio unit.
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62 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Organic Chemistry | the study of carbon compounds (organic compounds) |
| Hydrocarbon | an organic compound containing only carbon and hydrogen |
| Isomer | One of several organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties. The three types of isomers are structural isomers, geometric isomers, and enantiomers. |
| Structural isomer: | one of several compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms |
| Geometric isomer: | one of several organic compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the spatial arrangement of their atoms. |
| Enantiomer: | one of the 2 molecules that are mirror images of each other |
| Functional Group | specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeleton of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions. |
| Hydroxyl group | Functional group consisting of a H atom joined to an O atom by a polar covalent bond; molecules possessing this group are soluble in water and are called alcohols. |
| Alcohol | molecules possessing the hydroxyl group is bound to a carbon and is soluble in water. |
| Carbonyl Group | Functional group present in aldehydes and ketones and consisting of a C atom double bonded to an O atom. |
| Aldehyde | Name of compound in the carbonyl group when at the end of the carbon skeleton. |
| Ketone | a compound with the structure RC(=O)R', where R and R' can be variety of atoms and groups of atoms.It featuresa carbonyl group ( C=O) bonded to two other carbon atoms. |
| Carboxyl Group | f.group present in organic acids and consist of a single C atom double-bonded to an O atom & also bonded to a hydroxyl group |
| Carboxylic Acid | organic acids characterized by the presence of at least one carboxyl group ( R-COOH). Proton donors. |
| Amino Group | functional group that consists of a Nitrogen atom bonded to 2 Hydrogen atom; can act as a base in a solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of 1+ |
| Amine | organic compounds and functional groups that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair. |
| Sulfhydryl Group | functional group consisting of a sulfur-hydrogen bond ( S-H), Thiols are the sulfur analogue of an alcohol. |
| Thiol | This is an organic sulfur compound that contains a sulfur-hydrogen bond ( S-H). Thiols are the sulfur analogue of |
| Phosphate Group | Functional group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom. ( --SH). |
| Polymer | long molecule consisting of many similar of identical monomers linked together. |
| monomer | the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer. |
| Condensation Reaction | reaction in which 2 molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule( usually h2o); also called dehydration reaction |
| Dehydration Reaction | Chemical reaction in which 2 molecules bond with the removal of a h20 molecule. |
| Hydrolysis | chemical process that loses or splits molecules by the addition of water. |
| Carbohydrate | a sugar( monosaccharide), or one of its dimmers ( disaccharide's), or polymers ( polysaccharides). |
| Monosaccharide ( simple sugar) | simplest carb, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharide; molecular formulas are generally some multiple of CH20 |
| Polysaccharide: | a polymer of up to over a thousand monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions |
| Starch: | a storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose |
| Glycogen: | extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch |
| Double Helix: | form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape |
| Cellulose | structural polysaccharide of cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by B-1, 4-glycosidic linkages |
| Chitin | : structural polysaccharide of an amino sugar found in many fungi/ the exoskeletons of all arthropods |
| Lipid | : 1 of a family of compounds including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that are insoluble in H20 |
| Fat: | biological compound consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule |
| Fatty Acid: | long carbon chain carboxylic acid; vary in length & in the # and location of double bonds; 3 fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule form fat |
| Triacylglycerol | : three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule |
| Saturated Fatty Acid: | fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton |
| Unsaturated Fatty Acid: | fatty acid possessing 1+ bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail; such bonding reduces the # of Hydrogen atoms attached to the Carbon skeleton |
| Steroid: | type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 rings with various functional groups attached |
| Cholesterol: | steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes & acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids |
| Protein: | three-dimensional biological polymer constructed from a set of 20 different monomers called amino acids |
| Conformation: | A protein may undergo reversible structural changes in performing its biological function. The alternative structures of the same protein are referred to as conformation. |
| Polypeptide | : polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds |
| Amino Acid: | organic molecule possessing both carboxyl & amino groups/serve as monomers of proteins |
| Peptide Bond: | covalent bond between 2 amino acid units, formed by a dehydration reaction |
| Primary Structure: | level of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of amino acids |
| Secondary structure: | localized, repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to the hydrogen bond formation between peptide linkages |
| Alpha Helix: | spiral shape constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific hydrogen-bonding structure |
| Pleated sheet: | is the second form of regular secondary structure in proteins, only somewhat less common than alpha helix. |
| Tertiary Structure: | irregular contortions of a protein molecule due to interactions of side chains involved in hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, and disulfide bridges |
| Hydrophobic Interactions: | a type of weak chemical bond formed when molecules that don't mix with water come together to exclude the water |
| Disulfide Bridges: | strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer |
| Quaternary Structure: | the particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide |
| Denaturation: | in proteins, a process in which a protein unravels & loses its native conformation, thereby becoming biologically inactive; In DNA, the separation of the 2 strands of the double helix; occurs under extreme conditions of pH, salt concentration, & temperature |
| Gene: | discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA in some viruses) |
| Nucleic Acid: | a polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. Two types are DNA & RNA |
| Nucleotide: | building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group |
| Pyrimidine: | 1 of 2 types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides. Cytosine ( C ), thymine (T) & uracil (U) |
| Purine | : 1 of 2 types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides. Adenine (A) and guanine (G) |
| Ribose | : the sugar component of RNA |
| Polynucleotide: | a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. Two types are DNA & RNA |
| Glycosidic Linkage: | covalent bond between formed between 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration rxn |
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