Biology Chapter 5 Vocab
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BronzeLion on September 8, 2010
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19 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 photosynthesis | the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen |
| autotroph | an organism that produces its own nutrients from inorganic substances or from the environment instead of cosuming other organisms |
| heterotroph | an organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by products and that cannot synthesize organic compounds from inorganic materials |
| cellular respiration | the process by which cells produce energy from carbohydrates; atmospheric oxygen combines with glucose to form water and carbon dioxide |
| pigment | a substance that gives another substance or mixture its color |
| chlorophyll | a green pigment that is present in most plant cells, that gives plants their characteistic green color, and that reacts with sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to form carbohydrates |
| carotenoid | a class of pigments that are present mostly in plants and that aid in photosynthesis |
| thylakoid | a membrane system found within chloroplasts that contains the components for photosynthesis |
| electron transport chain | a series of molecules found in the inner membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts, through which electrons pass in a process that causes protons to build up on one side of the membrane |
| NADPH | an electron carrier that provides the high-energy electrons needed to make carbon-hydrogen bonds in the third stage of photosynthesis |
| carbon dioxide fixation | the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide, such as in photosynthesis |
| Calvin cycle | a biochemical pathway of photosynthesis in which carbon dioxide is converted into glucose using ATP |
| aerobic | describes a process that requires oxygen |
| anaerobic | describes a process that does not require oxygen |
| glycosis | the anaerobic breakdown of glucose pyruvic acid, which makes a small amount of energy available to cells in the form of ATP |
| NADH | the electron carrier formed as glucose is broken down, some of its hydrogen atoms are transferred to an electron called NAD+ |
| Krebs cycle | a series of biochemical reactions that convert pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and water; it is the major pathway of oxidation in animal, bacterial and plant cells and it releases energy |
| FADH2 | electrons are transferred to an electron acceptor called FAD, making a molecule of this |
| fermentation | the breakdown of carbohydrates by enzymes, bacteria, yeasts, or mold in the absence of oxygen |
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