Independence Study Guide Chapters 4&5
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Created by:
mspeckham on September 9, 2010
Subjects:
8th grade social studies, parker
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62 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 colonization | A system where one country extends its control over another area, especially for economic ($$$) benefit. |
| mercantilism | an economic theory that believe the colonies should benefit the mother country |
| New England Colonies | Massachusetts New Hampshire Connecticut and Rhode Island. They had a short growing season long and cold winters, rocky soil and Forests and economy was based on trading shipping and ship building |
| Middle Colonies | New York New Jersey and Pennsylvainia. had fertile soil moderate winters warm summers and a good growing season and economy was based on farming mineing craft jobscash crops grain manufacturing and trade |
| Southern Colonies | Virginia Maryland North and South Carolina and Georgia. Fertile Soilwarm summers tide water region had land along the coast of riversand fertile soil. Back country had inland; hilly and forests. Economy was based on tobacco in the Tide Water region were rich and hunting trapping substinence farming cattle and pigs and they were poor |
| cash crops | crops, such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton, raised in large quantities in order to be sold for profit |
| Charter | a legal document giving certain rights to a person or company |
| democratic | representing or appealing to or adapted for the benefit of the people at large |
| Mayflower Compact | 1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony. |
| Jamestown | First permanent English settlement in North America |
| Magna Carta | This document, signed by King John of Endland in 1215, is the cornerstone of English justice and law. It declared that the king and government were bound by the same laws as other citizens of England. It contained the antecedents of the ideas of due process and the right to a fair and speedy trial that are included in the protection offered by the U.S. Bill of Rights |
| Parliament | the lawmaking body of British government |
| English Bill of Rights | To make clear the powers of England's monarchy in 1689, the English Parliament drafted a list of things that they could not do like no taxing without permission from Parliament. |
| Slave trade | The business of capturing, transporting, and selling people as slaves |
| House of Burgesses | the first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia in 1619, representative colony set up by England to make laws and levy taxes but England could veto its legistlative acts. |
| Albany Plan of Union | plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown |
| Freedom of Religion | a civil right guaranteed by the 1st amendment to the US constitution |
| Freedom of Press | The right to publish newspapers, magazines, and books found in the 1st Amendment to the U.S. Constitution |
| Great Awakening | Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established. |
| Militia | civilians trained as soldiers but not part of the regular army |
| French and Indian War | Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in1763. Historical Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse. |
| Proclamation of 1763 | A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east. |
| Tyranny | a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.) |
| Sugar Act | (1764) British deeply in debt partl to French & Indian War. English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors. |
| Stamp Act | an act passed by the British parliment in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents |
| Sons of Liberty | A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere. |
| Stamp Act Congress | group of colonists who protested the Stamp Act, saying that Parliament couldn't tax without colonist' consent |
| Loyalists | American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence |
| Patriots | Colonists who wanted independence from Britain |
| Moderates | Colonists who would not become involved in the problems between England in the colonies - not politically extreme in any way |
| Declaratory Act | Act passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act. Stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases. |
| Quartering Act | an act passed by the British that allowed British troops to live in the homes of the colonists |
| Boycott | refuse to buy |
| Townshend Act | The act that put taxes on glass, lead, paints, paper, and tea |
| Samuel Adams | American Revolutionary leader and patriot |
| Boston Massacre | The first bloodshed of the Amercan Revolution, as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five americans |
| Crispus Attucks | Killed in Boston Massacre, black laborer, only African-American person killed in Boston Massacre |
| Paul Revere | American silversmith remembered for his midnight ride (celebrated in a poem by Longfellow) to warn the colonists in Lexington and Concord that British troops were coming (1735-1818) |
| John Adams | America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained." |
| Committees of Correspondence | Organization founded by Samuel Adams consisting of a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies |
| Tea Act | Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party |
| Boston Tea Party | demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor |
| Coercive/Intolerable Acts | A series of laws set up by Parliament to punish Massachusetts for its protests against the British that closed Boston Harbor, restricted town meetings, and required even private citizens to lodge British soldiers |
| King George III | • King George III, the king of England from 1760 to 1820, exercised a greater hand in the government of the American colonies than had many of his predecessors. Colonists were torn between loyalty to the king and resistance to acts carried out in his name. After King George III rejected the Olive Branch Petition, the colonists came to see him as a tyrant. |
| Patrick Henry | Outspoken member of House of Burgesses; inspired colonial patriotism with "Give me liberty or give me death" speech |
| First Continental Congress | The First Continental Congress convened on September 5, 1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts. The congress endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to King George III, conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation and unfair judicial system. |
| Battle of Lexington and Concord | These two battles occurred on the same day. They were the first military conflicts of the war. Lexington was the first one, in which a shot suddenly rang out as minutemen were leaving the scene at Lexington. Fighting then occurred. The British won the brief fight. In the second battle, Concord, the British had gone onto Concord and, finding no arms, left to go back to Boston. On the bridge back, they met 300 minutemen. The British were forced to retreat, and the Americans claimed victory. |
| Olive Branch Petition | Still pledge loyalty to King George III but are still asking Britain to respect the rights and liberties of the colonies, repeal oppressive legislation, and British troops out of the colonies; George 3 didn't want anything to do with them and declared all colonies in a state of rebellion |
| Abigail Adams | Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create. |
| Thomas Paine | Wrote Common Sense and changed American History, American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809) |
| Thomas Jefferson | A prominent statesman, Thomas Jefferson became George Washington's first secretary of state. Along with James Madison, Jefferson took up the cause of strict constructionists and the Republican Party, advocating limited federal government. As the nation's third president from 1801 to 1809, Jefferson organized the national government by Thomas Jefferson Republican ideals, doubled the size of the nation, and struggled to maintain American neutrality |
| Natural Rights | rights, freedoms and privileges which are such a basic part of human nature that they cannot be taken away. These are different from rights which are given to people by the law. According to the Declaration of Independence, these rights include "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness." |
| Social Contract | the notion that society is based on an agreement between government and the governed in which people agree to give up some rights in exchange for the protection of others |
| Benjamin Franklin | American public official, writer, scientist, and printer. After the success of his Poor Richard's Almanac (1732-1757), he entered politics and played a major part in the American Revolution. Franklin negotiated French support for the colonists, signed the Treaty of Paris (1783), and helped draft the Constitution (1787-1789). His numerous scientific and practical innovations include the lightning rod, bifocal spectacles, and a stove. |
| Battle of Bunker Hill | kpdwjkdf, First major battle of the Revolutions. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and Bunker Hill was in British hands. However, the British suffered more deaths. |
| George Washington | Virginian, patriot, general, and president. Lived at Mount Vernon. Led the Revolutionary Army in the fight for independence. First President of the United States. |
| Battle of Trenton | On Christmas day at night, Washington's soldiers began crossing the Deleware River. The next morning, they suprise attacked the British mercenaries which were Hessians. |
| Valley Forge | Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutriton, Steuben comes and trains troops |
| Guerrilla warfare | a hit-and-run technique used in fighting a war; fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes |
| Saratoga | A battle that took place in New York where the Continental Army defeated the British. It proved to be the turning point of the war. This battle ultimately had France to openly support the colonies with military forces in addition to the supplies and money already being sent. |
| Battle of Yorktown | Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781. |
| Treaty of Paris 1783 | This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River |
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