APUSH IDs Chapter 4
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42 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 The Albany Plan | Pennsylvania, Maryland, New York and New England's negotiated treaty with the Iroquois and approved a proposal by Franklin for a "general government; not approved by colonies. An indicator of just how divided the colonies were. |
| Seven Year's War | Known in America as French and Indian war. Was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions. |
| Creoles | Immigrants who were born from French in America; set up plantations in the lower Mississippi area. |
| The Iroquois Confederacy | Made up of five Indian nations within the great lakes region. Did not side with the French or the English, choosing to trade with both, thus retaining what little power they had left. |
| Queen Anne's War & the Treaty of Utrecht | Fought between the English and French in america. Began in 1701 and lasted until 1713. Ended by the Treaty of Utrecht, which gave a substantial amount of French land to the English. |
| King George's War | 1744 and 1748. England and Spain were in conflict with French. New England captured French Bastion at Louisburg on Cape Brenton Island. Had to abandon it once peace treaty ended conflict. |
| Fort Duquesne | A major French outpost at the site of what is now Pittsburgh. Near Fort Duquesne Washington set up Fort Necessity and the war known as the Seven Years' War begun. |
| Fort Necessity & George Washington | the crude stockade fort built by Washington and his men, after staging an unsuccessful attack on a nearby French fort, the French countered by trapping Washington and his soldiers in side their own fort. A third of the men died fighting. |
| William Pitt | Britain's Secretary of State; determined to win the war in the colonies; provided funding and troops |
| Impressment | British practice of taking American sailors from American ships and forcing them into the British navy. |
| Jeffry Amherst & James Wolfe | two British generals who overtook the French fortress at Louisbourg in 1758. Later, James Wolfe and his army attacked Marquis de Montcalm's larger army under the cover of night and won, thus defeating Quebec. Botrh James Wolfe and Marquis de Montcalm died in that battle. These British generals won battles, which helped the English win the war. |
| Marquis de Montcalm & the Battle of Quebec | French general. Died in battle after a surprise attack on his army, resulting in the fall of Quebec. This battle, known as the battle of Quebec, was the turning point in the French and Indian war. |
| Peace of Paris 1763 | The settlement of the French and Indian war. Occurred in 1763, three years after the French had surrendered. French ceded all of their territory in the mainland america to the British. This dramatically increased the land claimed by the British. |
| King George III | Came to power in 1760. Was mentally and physically disabled, and experienced bouts of insanity. Wanted to bring back power to the king, away from the parliament. These traits, combined with the effects of the recent wars, contributed to instability in the English government. This instability effected the colonists as well. |
| George Grenville | Prime minister, appointed by King George in 1763. Believed that the colonists had to obey laws and contribute money to help maintain the empire. He attempted to increase Britain's control over the colonies. The colonies were used to their own governments, and resented Britain's imposing of new taxes and regulations on them. |
| The Proclamation of 1763 | Created in 1763 to prevent war between the Indians and colonists. The first attempt of British government to establish a boundary for settlement. This boundary was supported by the Native Americans, but not by the colonists who continued expanding past the borders anyways. The british moved the boundary back twice and were still unable to contain the settlers. The colonists were used to lax British authority. This first attempt of British control foreshadowed how the colonists would react to later impositions. |
| Pontiac | Ottawa leader who led an attack on colonists who were intruding into Indian territory in the Ohio Valley. These attacks prompted the British to create the Proclamation of 1763 to prevent future attacks. |
| Mutiny Act of 1765 | Made colonists provide food, shelter, and other supplies to maintain the British soldiers permanently stationed in America. |
| The Sugar Act | Taxed foreign molasses and sugar that entered the colonies. Also, it placed vice-admiralty courts into America for trials of accused smugglers. These trials did not have colonist juries, and smugglers did not receive any sympathy. They were given harsher sentences then they would have previously gotten. |
| Currency Act of 1764 | forbade colonists from printing their own money, requiring them to use gold and silver which was in short supply in the colonies. Colonists got around this by bartering with beaver pelts and tobacco. |
| Stamp Act | an act passed by the British parliament in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents. |
| The Paxton Boys | These men were a band of Pennsylvanian frontiersmen that demanded tax relief and financial support from the Philadelphia colonial assembly for their cause which was protecting against Indians. |
| Patrick Henry | A famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies and taxation without representation. Circulated resolutions that said that said that Americans have the same rights as Englishmen. His first ideas were later used in the Bill of Rights. |
| Virginia Resolves | Presented by Patrick Henry. Resolutions adopted by the Virginia House of Burgesses in response to the 1765 Stamp Act that denied Parliament's right to tax the colonies without actual representation of them. |
| James Otis | He called for an assembly of intercolonial congress to take action against the new taxes. The delegates voted that the colonies couldn't be taxed except through their own provincial assemblies. One of the first times the colonies worked together in confronting the British's power over them. |
| Sons of Liberty | A group of men that formed a mob in Boston to terrorize stamp agents and burn stamps. The mob attacked supposed pro-British aristocrats, such as Thomas Hutchinson. Mobs like these were rising in many cities other than Boston. |
| Thomas Hutchinson | The lieutenant governor of Massachusetts who was believed to support the Stamp Act but actually was opposed to it and only supported it once it became law. His house was pillaged and virtually destroyed by the Sons of Liberty. |
| Declaratory Act | Made by the Marquis of Rockingham. Passed after the british repealed the stamp act, to show that the british still ruled the americans. Stated that the parliament has complete control over the colonists. |
| Charles Townshend & Townshand Duties | Chancellor of the Exchequer (Treasury). He was determined to force the American colonies into obedience. He took advantage of Pitt who was in control of the ministry but was unstable mentally. Townshend took control through Pitt. He reopened the question of colonial taxation and said that external taxes were different than the internal taxes, but was not believed by the colonies. Created the Townshend Acts. Created the Townshend Duties, which were taxes on goods imported from england to the colonies. |
| Boston Massacre | An event that took place in Boston where colonial agitators provoked British troops with snowballs with rocks inside them. The result was an accidental firing of muskets into the crowd and the death of some colonials; it became a prime piece of anti-British propaganda that fueled the revolution. |
| Samuel Adams | Leader in fueling the public's anger towards the boston massacre. Suggested that america was the only place of virtue left, that england was now a place of sin. Came up with the idea of a "committee of correspondence" stationed in Boston that would bring out the complaints against England. |
| Committee of Correspondence | colonial organization organized in 1770 in Boston to spread news of Great Britain's actions and acts throughout the colonies |
| Virtual and Actual Representation | England believed in Virtual representation in the government, where certain groups of people didn't have their own representation in Parliament, but that Parliament represented England as a whole. The Americans believed in actual representation, where every community was entitled to its own representative elected by people of that community. Thus, the colonies thought that parliament was taxing them without representation, while the british felt they were representing the colonies. |
| Gaspee | A British ship boarded by citizens of Rhode Island and set aflame. This was hint of the anger stewing beneath the calm surface of America in the 1770s. |
| The tea act of 1773 | An effort to save Britain's East India Company. Gave the company the right to sell its tea to the colonies without paying any of the taxes imposed on colonial merchants. This gave the East India Company an unfair advantage over other tea companies, making it possible for them to force out colonial companies and create a monopoly. This fear, combined with the "Taxation without representation" and anti-British propaganda spread throughout the colonies, motivated them into action. The colonists boycotted tea. |
| Daughters of Liberty | A women's revolutionary group in colonial america. Led the boycott of tea. "Rather than Freedom, we'll part with our Tea." |
| Boston Tea Party | On December 16, 1773, men dressed as Mohawk Indians went onto three ships, broke open the tea packages, and threw them overboard into the harbor . This prompted many similar acts in other ports. |
| The Coercive Acts of 1774 | Also known as the Intolerable Acts, these were passed as a response to the Boston Tea party. The acts closed the Boston port, reduced self-government in Massachusetts, allowed royal officers in America to be tried in other colonies or England, and demanded that colonists quarter troops. |
| First Continental Congress | September 1774, delegates from twelve colonies (not Georgia) sent representatives to Philadelphia to discuss a response to the Intolerable Acts. Sent a petition to King George III and urged a boycott of British imports. |
| Conciliatory Prepositions | Suggested by Lord north and passed by the parliament. Stated that colonials would tax themselves at parliament's demand, hoping to reach what they believed was the moderate majority from the extremist minority. But it was too late. |
| Lexington and Concord | The first battle of the Revolution in which British general Thomas Gage went after the stockpiled weapons of the colonists in Concord, Massachusetts."Shots heard 'round the world." |
| William Dawes and Paul Revere | The two horsemen who warned the villagers and farms of the planned surprise attack by the British on the cities of Lexington and Concord. |
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