Motion
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59 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 motion | when an object changes position over time when compared with a reference point |
| speed | the rate at which an object moves |
| velocity | the speed of an object in a particular direction |
| acceleration | the rate at which velocity changes |
| force | a push or pull |
| newton | (N) a unit in which scientists express force |
| net force | a force that results from combining all the forces exerted on an object |
| friction | a force that opposes motion between 2 surfaces that are touching |
| gravity | a force of attraction between objects that is due to their masses |
| weight | a measure of gravitational force exerted on an object |
| mass | the amount of matter in an object, and its value does not change |
| formula for acceleration | v(2)-v(1)/t |
| formula for average speed | distance/time |
| four types of friction | sliding, rolling, fluid, and static |
| Law of Universal Friction | the relationships between gravitational force, mass, and distance and applies to all things in the universe |
| formula for velocity | distance/time + direction |
| unit for acceleration | m/s/s |
| unit for average speed | m/s |
| unit for velocity | m/s + direction |
| unit for force | N |
| resultant velocity | the combination of two or more velocities |
| terminal velocity | when an object falls at a constant velocity |
| free fall | the motion of a falling object when the only force acting on it is gravity |
| projectile motion | the curved path that an object follows when thrown, launched, or otherwise projected near the surface of Earth |
| inertia | the tendency of an object to resist any change in its motion |
| momentum | property of a moving object that depends on its mass and velocity |
| stress | the physical pressure, pull, or other force exerted on one thing by another; strain. |
| strain | alter the shape of (something) by stress |
| load | anything put in or on something for conveyance or transportation; freight; cargo |
| tension | the act of stretching or straining |
| compression | applying pressure |
| torsion | the twisting of a body by two equal and opposite torques |
| truss | any of various structural frames based on the geometric rigidity of the triangle and composed of straight members subject only to longitudinal compression, tension, or both: functions as a beam or cantilever to support bridges, roofs, etc |
| arch | an upwardly curved construction, as of steel or timber functioning in the manner of a masonry arch |
| buckling | to shrivel, by applying heat or pressure; bend; curl |
| abutments | a masonry mass supporting and receiving the thrust of part of an arch or vault |
| Newton's 1st Law of Motion | An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion |
| Newton's 2nd Law of Motion | the net force of an object equals its mass times its acceleration |
| Newton's 3rd Law of Motion | a principle that states that for every action there is an equal reaction in the opposite direction |
| Triangle for Newton's 2nd Law of Motion | force over mass and acceleration (force/mass or acc; mass*acc) |
| work | occurs when a force causes an object to move in the direction of the force |
| joule | the unit to express work; also known as the newton-meter (N·m) |
| power | the rate of which work is done |
| watt | a unit of power equal to 1 joule per second |
| triangle for power | w over p and t (w/p or t; p*t) |
| triangle for work | w over f and d (w/f or d; f*d) |
| machine | a device that helps make work easier by changing the size or direction of a force |
| work input | the work you do on a machine |
| work output | the work done by a machine |
| mechanical advantage | tells you how many times the machine multiplies force-- compares input force and output force |
| mechanical efficiency | a comparison of a machine's work output with the work input |
| triangle for mechanical advantage | of [output force] over if [input force] and ma (ot/if or ma; ma*if) |
| formula for mechanical efficiency | mechanical efficiency=work output over work input*100 |
| lever | a simple machine consisting of a bar that pivots at a fixed point, called a fulcrum 3 classes: ·first-class lever- fulcrum between input force and load ·second-class lever- load between fulcrum and input force ·third-class lever- input force between fulcrum and load |
| inclined plane | a simple machine that is a straight, slanted surface |
| wedge | a double inclined plane that moves |
| wheel and axle | a simple machine consisting of 2 circular objects of different sizes |
| pulley | a simple machine consisting of a grooved wheel that holds a rope or cable |
| compound machine | a machine made up of two or more simple machines |
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