Chapter 1 (Woods ver.)
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28 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Statistics | pieces of information presented in numerical form; this includes pictures (e.g. graphs, figures) too |
| Population | the entire set of all possible occurrences; can be broad or narrow |
| Sample | a subset of a population; often a subset selected for study - ideally, it closely resembles the population |
| Accurate sampling | sample statistics are similar to the population parameter |
| Inaccurate sampling | due to sampling error |
| 2 broad categories of statistics | Descriptive and inferential |
| Descriptive statistics | Organize and summarize information |
| Inferential statistics | Make generalized statements about a population; test hypotheses - experiments rely on these |
| The scientific method | A systematic way of gathering and interpreting observations |
| 2 categories of observations | Variables (can change); constants (do not change) |
| Sampling | How participants are selected - ideally random sampling is used |
| Random assignment | Placing participants into groups - experimental group and control group |
| 2 types of variables | Independent and dependent |
| Independent variables | manipulations; the treatment |
| Dependent variables | measurements; the data |
| Qualitative variables | e.g. names; usually non-numerical |
| Quantitative variables | e.g. exam scores; have numerical values |
| Discrete variables | Change in finite steps; often described with integers (e.g. number of students) |
| Continuous variables | Fall on an infinitely fine-grained scale; can be described with real numbers (e.g. reaction time) |
| Types of experiments | "True"; quasi-experimental; correlational |
| "True" experiments | Random sampling and assignment; manipulation of variables |
| Quasi-experimental experiments | Random selections but NO random assignment |
| Correlational methods | No experimental manipulation; investigate the relationships between variables |
| 4 data scale types | Nominal; ordinal; interval; ratio |
| Nominal scale | Described by name or type only; frequency-of-occurrence; no information about order or magnitude - Categorical |
| Ordinal scale | Can put data into orders or ranks; relative placement (no information about magnitude); e.g. order in which people finish a problem-solving task |
| Interval scale | Convey information about differences between numerical observation; relative magnitude (equal size intervals assumed); no information about absolute magnitude; e.g. thermometer |
| Ratio scale | Absolute zero point; can be described with ratios; convey information about absolute magnitude; e.g. all physical measures |
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