Renaissance 17.3 & 17.4
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Created by:
isabellecruz428 on September 12, 2010
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144 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 10th | by this century, the Roman Catholic Church had come to dominate religious life in Northern and Western Europe |
| Roman Catholic Church | by the 10th century, this had come to dominate religious life in Northern and Western Europe |
| secular | the kind of pursuits that many people thought Church leaders were interested in: sacred or secular? |
| rebellion | the criticizing of Church reforms made during the Middle Ages led to this |
| secular | ideas that the printing press spread: sacred or secular? |
| Germany | because this place was divided into many competing states, it was difficult for the pope or emperor to impose central authority |
| Germany | where the new movement for religious reform first began |
| Renaissance | popes who ruled during this time period patronized the arts, spent extravagantly on personal pleasure, and fought wars |
| Alexander VI | this pope admitted that he had fathered several children |
| priests, monks | many of these people of the lower clergy were so poorly educated that they could scarcely read, let alone teach people |
| England | where John Wycliffe was from |
| Bohemia | where Jan Hus was from |
| Wycliffe, Hus | in the late 1300s and the early 1400s, these people had advocated Church reform |
| Wycliffe, Hus | these people denied that the pope had the right to worldly power |
| Wycliffe, Hus | these people taught that the Bible had more authority than Church leaders did |
| Erasmus, More | Christian humanists who added their voices to the chorus of criticism |
| lawyer | Luther's parents wanted him to take on this occupation |
| monk, teacher | instead of doing what his parents wanted, Luther took on these occupations |
| scripture | Luther taught this at the University of Wittenberg |
| University of Wittenberg | Luther taught scripture at this place |
| Saxony | where the University of Wittenberg was located |
| Tetzel | in 1517, Luther decided to take a public stand against the actions of this friar |
| Tetzel | this person raised money by selling indulgences to rebuild St. Peter's Cathedral |
| selling indulgences | how Tetzel raised money to rebuild St. Peter's Cathedral |
| Rome | where St. Peter's Cathedral was located |
| indulgence | a pardon |
| indulgence | this released a sinner from performing a penalty that a priest imposed for sins |
| Tetzel | this person gave people the impression that by buying indulgences, they could buy their way into heaven |
| Luther | this person wrote 95 Theses |
| 95 Theses | what Luther wrote in response to Tetzel's tactics |
| Theses | formal statements |
| October 31, 1517 | the date in which Luther posted his 95 Theses |
| door of the castle church in Wittenberg | where Luther posted his 95 Theses |
| scholars | after posting his 95 Theses, Luther invited these people to debate him |
| Germany | after someone copied Luther's words and took them to a printer, Luther's name quickly became known all over this place |
| Luther | this person's actions began the Reformation |
| Reformation | a movement for religious reform |
| Reformation | this led to the founding of Christian churches that did not accept the pope's authority |
| forgiveness | Luther believed that people could win salvation only by faith in this gift from God |
| faith, good works | the Church taught that these two things were needed for salvation |
| Bible | Luther believed that all Church teachings should be clearly based on this |
| false | the pope and Church traditions: true or false teachings? |
| not | priests to interpret the Bible for people: needed or not? |
| rapid | the spread of Luther's ideas: rapid or gradual? |
| rebellious monk | initially, Church officials in Rome viewed Luther as this |
| force | Luther suggested that Christians drive the pope from the Church using this |
| Pope Leo X | in 1520, this person issued a decree threatening Luther with excommunication unless he took back his statements |
| excommunication | in 1520, Luther was threatened with this unless he took back his statements |
| stood proud | Luther and his statements: took back or stood proud? |
| students at Wittenberg | these people gathered around a bonfire and cheered as Luther threw the pope's decree into flames; he was later excommunicated |
| Charles V | devout Catholic who opposed Luther's teaching and controlled a vast empire, including the German states |
| Charles V | this person summoned Luther to the town of Worms in 1521 to stand trial |
| Worms | Luther was summoned to this town in 1521 to stand trial |
| to stand trial | this is why Luther was summoned to Worms in 1521 |
| a month | amount of time between Luther's trial at Worms and the issuing of the Edict of Worms |
| Edict of Worms | this document declared Luther an outlaw and a heretic |
| Charles V | this person issued the Edict of Worms |
| outlaw, heretic | what Luther was declared as in the Edict of Worms |
| food, shelter | according to the Edict of Worms, no one in the empire was to give this to Luther |
| burned | according to the Edict of Worms, this was what was supposed to happen to Luther's books |
| Saxony | where Prince Frederick the Wise was from |
| Prince Frederick the Wise | this person disobeyed Charles V by sheltering Luther |
| castle | where Prince Frederick the Wise sheltered Luther |
| almost a year | how long Prince Frederick the Wise sheltered Luther |
| translated the New Testament into German | what Luther did while he was being sheltered by Prince Frederick |
| Wittenberg | where Luther returned to after being sheltered by Prince Frederick |
| Lutherans | instead of continuing to seek reforms in the Catholic Church, Luther and his followers had become this separate religious group |
| German peasants | in 1524, these people, excited by reformers' talk of Christian freedom, demanded an end to serfdom |
| serfdom | in 1524, German peasants, excited by reformers' talk of Christian freedom, demanded an end to this |
| German princes | horrified by the peasants' revolt, Luther wrote a pamphlet to these people, urging them to show the peasants no mercy |
| 100,000 | the princes' armies crushed the peasants' revolt, killing about this many people |
| support | German princes and Lutheranism: support or disapprove? |
| Church property | while some princes genuinely shared Luther's beliefs, others saw his teachings as a good excuse to seize this and to assert their independence from Charles V |
| Protestants | princes who supported Luther signed a protest against the pope and became known as these |
| Protestant | Christians who belonged to non-Catholic churches |
| Catholic | even after Protestants came into reality, Charles V was determined that all his subjects should remain this religion |
| Protestant princes | right after Protestant came into reality, Charles V went to war against these people |
| Peace of Augsburg | religious settlement in which German princes, both Protestant and Catholic, agreed that each ruler would decide the religion of his state |
| Henry VIII | devout Catholic who became king of England in 1509 |
| Henry VIII | in 1521, this person wrote a stinging attack on Luther's ideas |
| "Defender of the Faith" | in recognition of Henry's support, the pope gave him this title |
| Catherine of Aragon | Henry VIII's first wife |
| Mary | the name of the daughter that Catherine of Aragon gave birth to |
| annul | to set aside |
| Charles V | Catherine of Aragon's powerful nephew |
| Parliament | in an attempt to solve his marriage problem himself, Henry VIII called this into session and asked to pass a set of laws that ended the pope's power in England |
| Reformation Parliament | name of the Parliament in which a set of laws was passed that ended the pope's power in England |
| Anne Boleyn | Henry VIII secretly married this person |
| Act of Supremacy | in 1534, Henry's break with the pope was completed when Parliament voted to approve this |
| Act of Supremacy | this called on people to take an oath recognizing the divorce and accepting Henry, not the pope, as the official head of England's Church |
| More | this person was arrested, imprisoned, and later executed in response to refusing to take the oath in the Act of Supremacy |
| Tower of London | where More was imprisoned |
| executed | how More died |
| Elizabeth | the name of the daughter that Anne Boleyn gave birth to |
| treason | eventually, Anne Boleyn was charged with this |
| Tower of London | where Anne Boleyn was imprisoned |
| beheaded | how Anne Boleyn died |
| Jane Seymour | Henry VIII's third wife |
| Edward | the name of the son that Jane Seymour gave birth to |
| 6 | the total number of times Henry married |
| 9 | Henry VIII's son Edward became king at this age |
| Edward VI | this person became king at just 9 years old |
| Protestant | religion that Edward VI brought to England |
| 6 | the number of years Edward VI ruled for |
| ill health | the reason why Edward VI had a short reign |
| Catholic | religion that Mary I brought to England |
| Mary I | ruler of England who executed Protestants |
| Anglican Church | Church of England |
| Elizabeth I | head of the Anglican Church |
| Anglican Church | this was to be the only legal church in England |
| Elizabeth I | this person decided to establish a state church that moderate Catholics and moderate Protestants might both accept |
| Protestants | the idea of allowing priests in the Church of England to marry was supposed to please this religion |
| English | during Elizabeth I's reign, priests in the Church of England: English or Latin sermons? |
| Catholics | the idea of keeping some of the trappings of the Catholic church service such as rich robes was supposed to please this religion |
| Mary Queen of Scots | some Catholics tried to overthrow Elizabeth I and replace her with this cousin |
| Philip II | the Catholic king of Spain |
| Philip II | Elizabeth I faced threats from this powerful figure in particular |
| American empire | in the late 1500s, the English began to think about building this as a new source of income |
| money | one of the main problems during Elizabeth I's reign |
| monarch, Parliament | Elizabeth's constant need for money would carry over into the next reign and lead to bitter conflict between these things |
| Calvin | French follower of Luther whose teachings served as the basis of another branch of Protestantism |
| Zwingli | Catholic priest in Zurich that began religious reform in Switzerland |
| Switzerland | Zwingli began religious reform in this place |
| Erasmus, Luther | Zwingli was influenced by the work of these people |
| Zwingli | this person openly attacked abuses in the Catholic Church in 1520 |
| Zwingli | this person called for a return to the more personal faith of early Christianity |
| Zwingli | this person wanted believers to have more control over the Catholic Church |
| Zurich | Zwingli's reforms were adopted in this city and other cities |
| Swiss Protestants and Catholics | in 1531, Zwingli met his death in the midst of a war between these two groups |
| Calvin | was a young law student in France with a growing interest in Church doctrine during the time of Zwingli's death |
| 8 | how old Calvin was when Luther posted his 95 Theses |
| "Institutes of the Christian Religion" | book published in 1536 by Calvin that expressed ideas about God, salvation, and human nature |
| "Institutes of the Christian Religion" | book that was a summary of Protestant theology |
| Calvin | wrote that men and women are sinful by nature |
| Calvin | said that God chooses a very few people to save |
| "elect" | what Calvin called the very few people that God chooses to save |
| predestination | doctrine that God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved |
| Calvinism | the religion based on Calvin's teachings |
| theocracy | what Calvin believed was the ideal government |
| theocracy | government controlled by religious leaders |
| Geneva | in 1541, Protestants in this Swiss city asked Calvin to lead their city |
| strict | Geneva: strict or lenient rules? |
| Geneva | to many Protestants, this city was a model city of highly moral citizens |
| Knox | put Calvin's ideas to work when he returned to Scotland from Geneva |
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