Anatomy Bones
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154 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Anterior Cranial Fossa | formed by the frontal bone and part of the sphenoid bone |
| Middle Cranial Fossa | formed by part of the sphenoid bone and the temporal bone |
| Posterior Cranial Fossa | formed by the occipital bone |
| Suture | immovable joints where the skull bones come together |
| Coronal Suture | separates coronal Bone from the two parietal bones |
| Sagittal Suture | separates the two parietal bones from each other |
| Lambdoidal Suture | separates the occipital bone from the two parietal bones |
| Squamosal Suture | separates each temporal bone from the adjacent parietal bone |
| Frontal Bone | forms the forehead and the superior region of the orbital fossa; articulates with the ethmoid, sphenoid, zygomatic, nasal, and parietal bones |
| Supraorbital Margins | ridges at the superior region of the eye sockets |
| Frontal Sinuses | the cavities within the frontal bones between the two supraorbital regions |
| Supraorbital Foramen | a tiny opening within each supraorbital region for the passage of nerves and blood vessels |
| Meningeal Grooves | indentations for the passage of the meningeal arteries |
| Occipital Bone | forms the posterior and inferior portion of the skull |
| Foramen Magnum | the large opening in the base of the bone through which the brainstem passes to join with the spinal cord |
| Occipital Condyles | convex facets at the base of the occipital bone on the posterior surface that articulate with the superior articular facets of the atlas (C1) |
| Jugular Foramina | small oval openings formed along the suture between the occipital bone and temporal bone through which the jugular veins along with cranial nerves IX, X, and XI pass |
| Hypoglossal Canal | the small opening that passes through the occipital bone just above each occipital condyle through which cranial nerve XII passes |
| Basaloccipital | the thick region of the occipital bone where the occipital bone articulates with the sphenoid bone |
| Sphenoid Bone | articulates with almost every bone in the skull, is known as the "keystone" for the skull |
| Greater Wings of the Sphenoid Bone | articulate with the frontal bone and parietal bone on each side of the skull, help form the posterior portion of the eye orbits |
| Lesser Wings of the Sphenoid Bone | small wing shaped structures through which the optic canals pass; help form the superior portion of the superior orbital fissure |
| Foramen Rotundum | a small opening located within the medial region of the greater wing; cranial nerve V passes through this |
| Foramen Ovale | an oval-ish shaped foramen through which a branch of cranial nerve V passes |
| Pterygoid Process | there are two in the sphenoid bone each made of two pterygoid plates; project from the inferior surface of the sphenoid bone and end behind the upper third molar in an articulated skull |
| Ethmoid Bone | located at the midline and forms a portion of the anterior floor of the cranium and the roof of the nasal cavity |
| Crista Galli | the pointed structure on the superior surface of the ethmoid bone where the dura mater attaches |
| Cribiform Plate | a region of porous bone to either side of the crista galli through which cranial nerve I (a.k.a. the olfactory nerves) passes |
| Perpendicular Plate | the vertical portion of the ethmoid bone located at the midline of the bone, the perpendicular plate forms the superior part of the bony nasal septum |
| Ethmoid Sinuses | small cavities within the ethmoid bone |
| Lateral Masses | located lateral to the nasal conchae; form the medial portion of the eye socket |
| Sella Turcica | deep depression in the superior portion of the body of the sphenoid bone that houses the pituitary gland |
| Temporal Bone | forms part of the lateral walls and floor of the cranium |
| Mastoid Process of the Temporal Bone | large blunt process located posterior and inferior to the external ear; attachment site for the sternocleidomastoid muscle |
| Styloid Process | pointed structure located anterior to the mastoid process that connects to the hyoid bone via tendons and ligaments |
| Petrous Portion | the bony ridge that forms the floor of the cranium cointains the auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) |
| Auditory Ossicles | the malleus, incus, and stapes; the smallest bones in the body; are located within the petrous portion of the temporal bone |
| External Acoustic Meatus | opening for the ear canal |
| Carotid Canal (foramen) | the passageway for internal carotid artery |
| Zygomatic Process of the Temporal Bone | meets the temporal process of the zygomatic bone to form the zygomatic arch |
| Mandibular Fossa | a depression on the proximal inferior surface of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone where the mandibular condyles articulate |
| Internal Acoustic Meatus | passageway for Cranial nerves VII and VIII |
| Parietal Bone | forms roof and walls of the cranium; articulates wit hthe frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and temporal bones |
| Vomer | articulates with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone to form the posterior inferior portion of the bony nasal septum |
| Mandible | the lower jaw; the only moveable bone in the skull |
| Condylar Process (Mandibular Condyles) | the round knob that articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone to form the tempomandibular joint |
| Coronoid Process | anterior to the mandibular condyles; site of attachment for the temporalis muscle |
| Alveolar Region | area of the mandible that houses tooth sockets for the teeth |
| Angle of the Mandible | curved part of the lower jaw |
| Mental Foramina | small openings on the anterior surface of the mandible for the passage of blood vessles and nerves |
| Hyoid Bone | does not articulate with any other bone directly (Sesamoid Bone); attaches at the styloid process of the temporal bone, the inferior border of the mandible, and the manubrium of the sternum via tendons and ligaments |
| Bones that make of the Orbits of the Eyes (SLEP-Z-FM) | Sphenoid Lacrimonial Ethmoid Palatine Zygomatic Frontal Maxilla |
| Bones with Sinuses (Females Spend Everyone's Money) | Frontal Sphenoid Ethmoid Maxilla |
| Maxilla | there are two maxilla (plural Maxillae) that form the upper jaw and articulate with each other along the midline between the two front incisors; help comprise the hard palate and orbit of the eyes |
| Frontal Process of the Maxilla | a pointed structure that articulates with the frontal bone and helps form part of the bridge of the nose |
| Palantine Process of the maxilla | anterior portion of the hard pallate that articulates with the horizontal plate of the palatine bone |
| Maxillary Sinuses | are located within the walls of the maxilla |
| Palatine Bones | articulates posteriorly with the palatine process of the maxilla to form the the hard palate and also forms a portion of the eye |
| Zygomatic Bone | there are two of these in the facial bones; form the lateral wall and part of the floor of the eye socket |
| Temporal Process of the Zygomatic Bone | points posteriorly and articulates with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to form the zygomatic arch |
| Frontal Process of the Zygomatic Bone | forms the lateral wall of the orbit and articulates with the frontal bone |
| Nasal Bones | form part of the bridge of the nose; articulate with the frontal bone and maxilla |
| Lacrimal Bones | form a portion of the eye socket and contain the opening for the nasolacrimal duct that conducts tears from the orbit into the nasal cavity |
| Inferior Nasal Conchae | are connected to the walls of the maxilla are are visible through the nasal cavity; NOT part of the ethmoid bone |
| Inferior Orbital Fissure | between the sphenoid and maxilla |
| Structure of the Nose | the lateral walls of the nasal cavity are framed by three sets of nasal conchae. only the middle and superior chonchae are part of the ethmoid bone; the inferior choncha is and independent bone attached to the wall of the maxilla |
| Nasal Septum | divides the nose internally into right and left passageways; formed by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, vomer, and septal cartilage |
| Fontanels (FOSM) | membranous portions of the infant skull; there are six: Frontal, Occipital, Sphenoid (2), and Mastoid (2) |
| Transverse Processes | laterally facing structures found on the right and left side of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae |
| Superior Articular Facets | articulate with the adjecent vertebra above |
| Inferior Articular Facets | articulate with the adjacent vertebra below |
| Spinous Process | the pointed portion of the vertebra located at the posterior midline |
| Body | the central portion of a vertebra; become increasingly robust proceeding from the second cervical vertebra through the lower lumbar vertebra |
| Vertebral Arch | made up of the laminae and pedicles on each vertebra |
| Lamina | the broad flat portion leading to the spinous process |
| Pedicles | form pillars between the body and the lamina |
| Vertebral Foramen | the opening encircled by the vertebral arch of each vertebra |
| Vertebral Canal | formed in the intact collumn by the superimposition of all the vertebral foramina; houses and protects the spinal cord |
| Vertebral Column | contains 26 vertebrae |
| Cervical Vertebra | 7 total; first two are the atlas and axis and 7th is the Vertebra Prominens; have transverse foramina and bifid spinous processes |
| Thoracic Vertebra | 12 total; have transverse costal facets for the articulation with the heads and tubercles of the ribs; superior articular facets point posteriorly |
| Lumbar Vertebrae | more robust than cervical or thoracic; superior articular facets face medially |
| Sacral Vertebrae | made of the last five vertebrae that fuse to form one bone called the sacrum which articulates with the illium of each coxal bone; has a sacral canal that passes through the sacrum from superior to inferior, nerves pass through this before exiting the sacral foramina |
| Intervertebral Foramen | the opening formed between the pedicles of adjacent vertebrae through which the spinal nerves exit |
| Intervertebral Disks | cartilaginous cushions between each vertebra |
| Atlas | first cervical vertebra; has no body or spinous process but does have superior and inferior articular facets along with transverse foramina; is responsible for the "Yes" nodding motion of the head |
| Axis | second cervical vertebra; has a dens (odontoid process) instead of a body along with transverse foramina; is responsible for the "No" shaking motion of the head |
| Ala | the fusion of the first sacral vertebrae; the lateral surfaces of this articulate with the illium of the coxal bone forming the sacroilliac joint |
| Coccygeal Vertebrae | a.k.a. the tailbone; 3-5 separate vertebrae but fuse into one structure between the 20's and 30's; number of vertebrae included depends upon how tall the person is; a vestigial organ |
| Thoracic Cage | made up of the ribs and sternum |
| Sternum | made up of the manubirum, the body which attaches to the costal cartilage of the ribs, and the xiphoid process |
| Manubrium | articulates at it's superoleteral surface with the clavicle forming the sternoclavicular joint |
| Head of Rib | articulates with the demifacets of the body of a thoracic vertebra |
| Tubercle of Rib | articulate with the transverse processes of the 10 superior thoracic vertebrae |
| True Ribs | ribs 1-7 (7 total); articulate directly with the sternum via costal cartilage |
| False Ribs | ribs 8-10 (3 total); articulate indirecty with the body of the sternum via costaal cartilage |
| Floating Ribs | ribs 11-12 (2 total); do not articulate with the body of the sternum |
| Appendicular Skeleton | comosed of 126 bones; upper skeleton is attached to the axial skeleton by the pectoral girdle and the lower limbs are attached by the pelvic girdle |
| Scapula | Glenoid Fossa where the head of the humerus attaches, the coracoid process, the spine, the acromion process (acromioclavicular joint), the medial (vertebral) border, supraspinous fossa, and infraspinous fossa. |
| Clavicle | articulates at medial end with the manubrium of the sternum (sternoclavicular joint) and at the lateral end with the acromion process of the scapula (acromioclavicular joint) |
| Humerus | the only bone in the arm (region between elbow and shoulder); has a head, greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, intertubercular groove, deltoid tuberosity, olecranon fossa and coronoid fossa (both of which help form the humeroulnar joint), trochlea, capitulum, and meadial and lateral epicondyles |
| Ulna | medial bone of the forearm; has a trochlear notch that helps form the humerounlar joint, an olecranon process, a coronoid process, radial notch, styloid process, and head located at the distal end of bone |
| Radius | lateral bone of the forearm; has a radial tuberosity, styloid process, and head which articulates with the radial notch of the humerus forming the radioulnar joint along with articulating with the capitulum of the humerus. |
| Carpals (Stupid Lovers Try Positions That THey Can't Handle) | Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate |
| Metacarpals | are numbered I-V beginning with the thumb |
| Thumb | a.k.a. the pollex |
| Phalanges | there are three for each finger (proximal, medial, and distal) except for the thumb which has only two (proximal and distal) |
| Pelvic Girdle | composed of the two coxal bones |
| Parts of the Coxal Bone | Illium, Ischium, and Pubis |
| Illium | illiac crest, anterior superior illiac spine, anterior inferior illiac spine, posterior superior illiac spine, posterior inferior illiac spine, greater sciatic notch |
| Ischium | Ischial tuberosity (for hamstring), and obturator foramen |
| Pubis | Articular site for pubic symphysis also site for attachment of thigh muscles |
| Sacroilliac Joint | formed by the articulation of the sacral ala with the ilium; important for bearing weight and is cartilaginous and synovial |
| Femur | Single bone of thigh; longest and strongest bone is the body; has a head that articulate with the acetabulum, a neck, greater trochanter, medial and lateral condyles, medial and lateral epicondyles, linea aspera, and a gluteat tuberostiy for the attachment of the gluteus maximus |
| Patella | The only other Sesamoid bone besides the Hyoid; the knee cap that provides stability to the knee |
| Tibia | medial bone of the leg; has a tibial tuberosity, medial and lateral condyles, and a medial malleolus; participates in the tibiofibular joint |
| Fibula | Lateral bone of the leg; has a lateral malleolus and head; participates in the tibiofibular joint |
| Bones of the Feet (Cats Take Craps Literally Inside My Nose) | Calcaneus Talus Cuboid Lateral Cuneiform Medial Cuneiform Medial Cuneiform Navicular Each toe has three phalanges except the big toe that has two |
| The Big Toe | Hallux |
| Epiphysis | end of a long bone |
| Epiphyseal Line | where the growth plate is; highland cartilage |
| Diaphysis | shaft of bone |
| Compact Bone | inside of medullary cavity |
| Madullary Cavity | cavity inside a bone where the marrow is |
| Yellow Marrow | Fat Storage |
| Cancellous Bone | spongy bone; inside of a bone (makes it lighter) |
| Red Bone Marrow | in epiphysis; makes red blood cells |
| Periosteum | outer covering of the bone |
| Nutrient Foramen | where nerves and blood vessles sit; indentations in the bone |
| Fibrous Joint | = Synarthotic Joint Joint that Can't be moved at all i.e. sutchers in skull |
| Cartilaginous Joint | = Amphiarthrotic Joint Joint that is slightly moveable i.e. pubic symphysis or vertebral Column |
| Synovial Joint | = Diarthrotic Joint joint that is freely moveable i.e. arms, elbows, knees, hips, ect. |
| Synarthrotic Joint | = Fibrous Joint Joint that Can't be moved at all i.e. sutchers in skull |
| Amphiarthrotic Joint | = Cartilaginous Joint that is slightly moveable i.e. pubic symphysis or vertebral Column |
| Diarthrotic Joint | = Synovial Joint joint that is freely moveable i.e. arms, elbows, knees, hips, ect. |
| Axillary | of the axilla (armpit) |
| Brachial | of the upper arm |
| Capitis | of the head |
| Carpal | of the wrist |
| Cervical | of the neck |
| Clavicular | of the clavicle |
| Cutaneous | of the skin or near the skin |
| Femoral | of the thigh |
| Gluteal | of the buttocks area |
| Iliac | of the upper pelvic region |
| Inguinal | of the groin |
| Lumbar | of the lower back region |
| Pectoral | of the front of the chest |
| Pelvic | of the lowest area of the torso |
| Popliteal | of the back of the knee |
| Tarsal | of the ankle |
| Thoracic | of the chest |
| Subtypes of Synovial Joints | Ball and Socket Hinge Pivot Plane Conddyloid Saddle |
| Planes for Cutting a Specimen | Medial- directly in the middle Sagittal- same as medial Frontal/Coronal- through the coronal suture Transverse/Horizontal- Oblique- a random cut that is not at a 90 degree angle Parasagittal- an off center vertical cut |
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