5 Written Questions

1. Straight tubules
   Rete testis
   Efferent ductules
   Epididymis
   Ductus deferens
2. Sympathetic and parasympathetic to penis (corpora cavernosa)
3. Paired, elongated, highly-folded, tubular glands posterior to the bladder.
   They lie parallel to the ampulla of the ductus deferens and empty via a short duct that joins the ductus deferens to form the ejaculatory duct.
4. Longest part of the efferent ducts.
   Contained within the spermatic cord, it travels through the inguinal canal to reach the posterior aspect of the bladder and prostate.
   Posterior to the bladder, the distal end dilates to form the ampulla.
   It empties into the prostatic urethra via the ejaculatory duct.
5. Penis has 2 dorsal masses of erectile tissue, the corpora cavernosa
   
   sits on the top of the penis
   
   Helicine arteries supply blood.

5 Matching Questions

1. Mature Sperm
2. Inferior hypogastric plexus
3. Clinical Note: Erectile Dysfunction
4. erection
5. Clinical Correlation: Varicocele

1. a Any disorder or behavior that impedes blood flow will cause erectile dysfunction
   
   Diabetes, hypertension and smoking.
   
   Low serum testosterone will affect erection.
   
   If parasympathetics are intact, sildenafil citrate (Viagra), enhances relaxing effect of NO by inhibiting phosphodiesterase, which degrades cGMP.
2. b varicosities of pampiniform plexus
3. c Chief autonomic plexus of pelvis
   Formed by the hypogastric and pelvic splanchnic nerves
   
   Hypogastric
   Sympathetic efferents and afferents
   
   Pelvic splanchnics
   Parasympathetic efferents
4. d Parasympathetic, S2,S3, S4 initiates erection by relaxing trabecular smooth muscle and allowing dilation of the helicine arteries with the corpora cavernosa.
   
   Relaxation involve acetylcholine and nitric oxide (NO).
   NO activates guanylate cyclase causing smooth muscle cells to produce cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) that relaxes smooth muscle.
   Engorgement compresses veins again non-distensible tunica albuginea, corporal venous occlusive mechanism.
   Sympathetic terminates erection by constricting both trabecular smooth muscle and helicine arteries.
5. e Newly released sperm are non-motile
   Acquire motility in the epididymis.
   Capacitation
   Occurs in female reproductive system
   Removal and replacement of glycocalyx components.
   Acrosomal reaction
   Release of acrosomal enzymes to penetrate zona pellucida

5 Multiple Choice Questions

1. AKA supporting or sustentacular cells.
   Postmitotic, never divide after puberty.
   Columnar cells with extensive apical and lateral specializations.
   Euchromatic nucleus with prominent nucleolus
   Very active cells
   Form unusual cell-cell junctions with exceedingly tight junction.
   Junctional complexes divide seminiferous tubule epithelium into basal and luminal compartments.
   Form the blood-testis barrier.
   Synthesize and secrete androgen binding protein (ABP) under the influence of FSH.
   Can convert testosterone to estradiol.
   Synthesize and secrete inhibin, which inhibits FSH secretion.
   1. Spermatogenesis
   2. Leydig Cells
   3. Fertilization
   4. Sertoli Cells
2. Epididymal lining is pseudostratified with stereocilia.
   1. Epididymal epithelium
   2. Seminal Vesicle
   3. Leydig Cells
   4. Spermatogenesis
3. Primary spermatocytes undergo 2 meiotic divisions to produce haploid spermatids
   
   Type B spermatogonia divide by mitotic division to give rise to primary spermatocytes.
   Primary spermatocytes replicate their DNA before beginning meiosis and therefore have 4n chromosomes, twice normal.
   Meiotic division results in haploid, 22 chromosomes and X or Y.
   Cells derived from 1st meiotic division called secondary spermatocytes. They cannot be seen in sections because they immediately enter the 2nd meiotic division.
   1. Spermatid phase (spermiogenesis)
   2. Spermatogenesis
   3. Spermatogonial phase
   4. Spermatocyte phase (meiosis)
4. S2,3,4 keeps it off the floor
   1. Erection pneumonic
   2. erection
   3. Prostate Sections
   4. Fertilization
5. Process by which spermatogonia become mature sperm.
   1. Seminal Vesicle
   2. Spermatogenesis
   3. Sertoli Cells
   4. Spermatogonial phase

5 True/False Questions

1. Prostatic Adenocarcinoma Anastamoses → Prostate cancer (from the peripheral section) spreads to the vertebral column via anastomoses between the prostatic venous plexus and the internal vertebral (Batson's) plexus.

   True        False

2. Ductus deferens (muscular layers) → Epithelium is pseudostratified columnar with stereocilia.

   True        False

3. Spermatogonial phase → Spermatogonia give rise to primary spermatocytes
   
   Stem cells divide to replace themselves and give rise to committed spermatogonia.
   Dark type A -stem cells - self renewing population
   Pale type A - committed - divide to increase their number
   Type B - differentiated type A cells

   True        False

4. Ductus deferens (Epithelium) → Epithelium is pseudostratified columnar with stereocilia.

   True        False

5. Clinical Correlation: Infertility → Factors affecting fertility
   Dietary deficiencies
   Infections
   Elevated testicular temperature
   Steroids (anabolic steroid abuse)
   Toxins, e.g. pesticides
   Radiation

   True        False