Human Organism
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72 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Anatomy | the study of the structure of the human body |
| Developmental Anatomy | the branch of anatomy that studies structural changes of an individual from fertilization to maturity |
| Systemic Anatomy | the study of the body one system at a time |
| Regional Anatomy | the study of the body by region. i.e. head, abdomen etc. |
| Surface Anatomy | study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin |
| Physiology | the study of the processes or functions of living things |
| Systemic Physiology | the study of the functioning of specific organ systems |
| Integumentary System | skin, hair, nails, glands. Function-protection, temperature regulation, produce Vitamin D, etc. |
| Skeletal System | the hard structure (bones and cartilages). Function- provide support, protect internals, make red blood cells, store calcium, allow for movement. |
| Muscular System | muscles, tendons (attach muscle to bone). Function-movement, generate heat, breathing. |
| Lymphatic System | vessels, lymph organs (tonsils, thymus, spleen, etc.), lymph nodes. Function-filter body fluids as they return to the heart and veins |
| Respiratory System | lungs, nose, mouth, trachea, etc. Function-gas exchange: Oxygen in, Carbon Dioxide out. |
| Digestive System | mouth -> anus and everything in between (esophagus, stomach, etc.) Function- break down food mechanically and chemically with acids and facilitate the absorption of nutrients and expelling of waste. |
| Nervous System | brain, spinal cord, nerves. Function- Control body movement, regulate body activities, interpret sensations |
| Endocrine System | pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, etc. Function- Uses hormones as messengers to regulate the body. |
| Cardiovascular System | heart, vessels, blood, veins, arteries. Function: help blood carry oxygen and hormones to tissues and also carry waste to be purged. |
| Urinary System | kidneys, bladder, urethra. Function- Remove waste, regulate pH, filter blood. |
| Reproductive System | breasts, uterus, ovaries, testes, penis, etc. Function- to reproduce new organisms. Also part of the Endocrine system. |
| Organization | condition in which the parts or an organism have specific relationships to each other and the parts interact to perform specific functions. |
| Metabolism | all the chemical reactions taking place in an organism |
| Responsiveness | organism's ability to sense changes in its external or internal environment and adjust to those changes |
| Growth | Cells increase in size or number which produces an overall enlargement of all or part of an organism |
| Development | changes and organism undergoes through time from fertilization to death |
| Reproduction | formation of new cells or new organisms |
| Homeostasis | existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body |
| Set Point | ideal normal value for body temperature maintenance |
| Negative Feedback | mechanism used to maintain homeostasis in which the deviation from set point is reduced |
| receptor | monitors the value of the variable |
| control center | receives information from the receptor about the variable |
| effector | produces responses that change the value of the variable |
| Positive Feedback | When the system's response is to make the deviation from set point even greater |
| anatomical position | facing forward, palms forward |
| supine | face up, palms out, lying on back |
| prone | face down, palms down, lying on stomach |
| anterior | front |
| posterior | back |
| superior | towards ceiling |
| inferior | towards the floor |
| ventral | front (belly) |
| dorsal/posterior | back |
| proximal | limbs only in relation to the trunk-nearest |
| distal | limbs only in relation to the trunk-further |
| medial | towards the midline |
| lateral | away from the midline |
| superficial | closer to the surface |
| deep | further from the surface |
| arm | Upper Extremity- shoulder to elbow |
| forearm | upper extremity- elbow to wrist |
| hand | upper extremity- region distal to the wrist |
| leg | lower extremity- knee to ankle |
| thigh | lower extremity- hip to knee |
| foot | lower extremity- area distal to the ankle |
| central region | head, neck, trunk |
| trunk | chest/thorax, abdomen, pelvis |
| sagittal plane | cuts through the midline and divides into right and left |
| mid-sagittal plane | cuts perfectly through the exact midline and divides into right and left |
| coronal plane | divides body into anterior and posterior |
| transverse plane | divides the superior and inferior portions of the body horizontally |
| Thoracic Cavity | the cavity in the vertebrate body enclosed by the ribs between the diaphragm and the neck and containing the lungs and heart |
| Abdominal Cavity | space below the chest containing organs such as the liver, stomach, gallbladder, and intestines; also called the abdomen |
| Pelvic Cavity | cavity that contains the urinary bladder, the reproductive organs, and the last part of the large intestine. |
| Serous Membranes | cover the organs on the trunk cavities and line the trunk cavities |
| Visceral Serous Membrane | Covers the wall that comes into contact with the organs. |
| Parietal Serous Membrane | Covers the outer part of the wall away from the organs. |
| Serous Fluid | The fluid which lubricates between the parietal and visceral serosae to reduce friction between them. |
| Visceral Pericardium | Closest membrane layer to the heart |
| Parietal Pericardium | the tough outermost layer of the pericardium that is attached to the diaphragm and the sternum |
| Visceral Pleura | Closest membrane layer to the lungs |
| Parietal pleura | lines the inner surface of the thoracic cavity |
| Visceral peritoneum | inner layer of the membrane that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity |
| parietal peritoneum | lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity |
| mesenteries | two fused layers of the peritoneum connecting the abdominal organs |
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