AP bio Chapter 7
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40 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 resolving power | A measure of the clarity of the image; it is the minimum distance two points can be separated and still be distinguished as two separate points |
| cell fractionation | technique in which cells are broken into pieces and the different cell parts are separated |
| nucleus | a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction |
| endoplasmic reticulum | a system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids |
| food vacuole | Vacuole in cytoplasm that stores food, sarcodines surround a food source, create a vacuole and digest it |
| chloroplast | organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy |
| cytoskeleton | a network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement |
| pseudopodia | A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding |
| organelle | a tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell |
| cytoplasm | a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended |
| chromatin | long strands of DNA found in the eukaryotic cell nucleus; condense to form chromosomes |
| smooth ER | Ribosomes are not found on its surface. It contains collections of enzymes that perform specialized tasks including the synthesis of membrane lipids and the detoxification of drugs |
| contractile vacuole | saclike organelles that expand to collect excess water and contract to squeeze the water out of the cell |
| cristae | Infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electon transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP |
| microtubules | are hollow tubes, like plumbing pipes that maintain the shape of the cell and serve as tracks for organelles to move along within the cell |
| cell wall | strong wall outside a plant cell's plasma membrane that protects the cell and maintains its shape |
| electron microscope | a microscope that is similar in purpose to a light microscope but achieves much greater resolving power by using a parallel beam of electrons to illuminate the object instead of a beam of light |
| prokaryotic cell | A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea |
| chromosome | threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next |
| rough ER | A network of interconnected membranous sacs in a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm; covered with ribosomes that make membrane proteins and secretory proteins. |
| central vacuole | A membrane-enclosed sac occupying most of the interior of a mature plant cell, having diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development. |
| plastid | any of various small particles in the cytoplasm of the cells of plants and some animals containing pigments or starch or oil or protein |
| microfilaments | Long, thin fibers that function in the movement and support of the cell |
| plasmodesmata | An open channel in the cell wall of plants through which strands of cytosol connect from adjacent cells |
| TEM | Trasmission Electron Microscope; used to study parts inside of a cell; only dead cells can be observed |
| SEM | Scanning Electron Microscope (250.000 x) Spray with metallic cover. Scans surface. Makes 3D. |
| eukaryotic cell | A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Examples of organisms with these cells are protists, plants, fungi, and animals. |
| plasma membrane | thin outer boundary of a cell that regulates the traffic of chemicals between the cell and its surroundings |
| nucleolus | The organelle where ribosomes are made, synthesized and partially assembled, located in the nucleus |
| ribosome | small particle in the cell on which proteins are assembled; made of RNA and protein |
| golgi apparatus | stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum |
| phagocytosis | process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell |
| peroxisome | A microbody containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide. |
| mitochondria | Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production |
| thylakoid | A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy. |
| stroma | The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water. |
| flagella | long, thin, whip-like structures, with a core of microtubules, that enable some cells to move |
| cilia | short, hair-like structures made of microtubules that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell |
| tight junctions | Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid |
| gap junctions | Points that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to another with special membrane proteins. Also called communicating junctions. |
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