| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Cheops | pyramids at Gizeh were built for him |
| Lydians | contributed coined money |
| Cuneiform | sumerian writing |
| Rosetta Stone | helped decipher heiroglyphics |
| polytheistic | worship of many gods |
| scribe | educated person who could read and write |
| papyrus | old paper, made from leaves of grassy plants |
| Mt. Sinai | where Moses received the 10 commandments |
| Damascus | oldest continuously inhabited city in the world |
| Amon-Ra | god of the sun |
| anthropomorphic | human-like |
| Aramaic | language spoken by Jesus |
| Hittites | used iron to make tools & wheels |
| royal road | most famous Road of Persians |
| Hermes | greek messenger of the gods |
| Athena | goddess of wisdom - symbol is the owl |
| Hera | wife of zeus, goddess of marriage |
| Demeter | goddess of grain and crops |
| Apollo | god of light, music, and truth |
| Poseidon | god of the sea |
| Zeus | king of the gods, decision maker |
| Hephaestus | god of metal craft, lame & ugly |
| Aphrodite | goddess of physical beauty & love |
| Hades | god of the underworld |
| Dionysus | god of wine & drama |
| Ares | god of war |
| Hestia | goddess of hearth & family |
| Artemis | goddess of the moon & hunting |
| Achilles | greatest Greek warrior |
| Hector | greatest Trojan warrior |
| Paris | abducted Helen - the cause of the Trojan War |
| Agamemnon | leader of Greek expedition of Troy |
| Cyclops | one-eyed giant |
| Theseus | killed the minotaur |
| Hippocrates | founded the school of medicine (words: acute & chronic) |
| Thales | earliest philosopher |
| Pythagoras | mathematics |
| Democritus | atomic theory |
| Socrates | encouraged students to think for themselves |
| Socrates | said, "The unexamined life is not worth living" |
| Socrates | believed that admitting ignorance is the beginning of knowledge |
| Socrates | executed by drinking poison |
| Socrates | taught Plato |
| Plato | wrote THE REPUBLIC |
| Plato | student of Socrates |
| Plato | founded the "Academy" |
| Plato | taught Aristotle |
| Aristotle | student of Plato |
| Aristotle | taught Alexander the Great |
| Sophists | believed in education |
| Hoplites | greek foot soldiers |
| Helots | Spartan slaves |
| Lycurgus | developed laws in Sparta |
| Draco | Established a HARSH law code in Athens |
| Herodotus & Thucydides | ancient historians |
| Marathon | Site of most famous battle of Persian War |
| Sparta | most powerful city in Peloponnesus |
| Athens | controlled the Delian League |
| Koine | a dialect of Greek Language |
| Hegemony | dominance of one state over another |
| Ptolemy | defeated 3 others to become king of Egypt |
| Sappho | writer of lyric poetry |
| Pericles | Athenian leader who died during a plague |
| Alexander the Great | established 20 cities, rose to power during Hellenistic Age |
| Res Publica | "the people's thing" (Greek) |
| Mare Nostrum | "our sea" (Greek) |
| Latins | tribe of Indo-Europeans whose settlement became Rome |
| Carthage | Rome's enemy in Punic Wars |
| Carthage | ruled by Hannibal |
| Hannibal | famous military leader of Carthage |
| Tiber River | Rome founded on its banks |
| Mesopotamia | land between the rivers |
| Epic of Gilgamesh | compared to Moses' story |
| Assyrian weapons | made of iron |
| theocracy | government ruled by a priest (considered to be the representative of the gods) |
| Ziggurat | Sumerian temple |
| Code of Hammurabi | first effort by an empire to record laws - like 10 commandments |
| Assur | chief god of the Assyrians |
| Tigris & Euphrates | major rivers of Mesopotamia |
| agriculture | most important factor in development of civilization |
| Hatshepsut | first female pharaoh |
| Po River | largest river valley in Italy |
| crops of Italy | grain, grapes, olives |
| Troy | founder of Rome came from here |
| Octavian | first emperor of Rome |
| Aeneas | hero of Virgil's epic |
| First Triumvirate | Crassus, Pompey, Julius Caesar |
| Sulla | remained dictator for 3 years |
| Battle of Actium | Octavium defeated Cleopatra and Marc Antony here |
| Augustus | emperor when Christ was born during the "Pax Romana" |
| Marcus Aurelius | death marked the end of "Pax Romana" |
| Marcus Aurelius | wrote MEDITATIONS |
| Claudius | had physical handicaps |
| Caligula | a.k.a. "Little Boots" |
| Caligula | deranged, insane, morally corrupt |
| Romulus Augustus | last emporer in Rome |
| Nero | emperor who persecuted christians |
| Nero | blamed for terrible fire in Rome |
| Nero | emperor who murdered his mother, Agrippina |
| Hadrian | built a 73 mile wall across Britain |
| Dioletis | divided the empire into east & west |
| Constantine | issued the Edict of Milan |
| Byzantine Empire | survived until 1453 |
| Byzantine Empire | Eastern portion of the Roman Empire |
| Huns | fierce Nomadic horsemen |
| Angles & Saxons | took over Britain |
| Visigoths | western Germans |
| Franks & Alemanni | took over Gaul |
| Rome | Peter and Paul were martyred here |
| Peter | first pope |
| Stephen | first martyr, died in Jerusalem |
| Theodosius | closed all non-Christian places of worship |
| Paul | important "voice" in early Christianity |
| Sanhedrin | Jewish ruling council |
| Pharisees | "seperated ones" |
| Essenes | pious Jews devoted to prayer |
| Sadducees | wealthy, well-educated Jews |
| Zealots | people of action |
| creed | statement of religious belief |
| heresy | False teachings |
| Orthodoxy | true or accepted teachings |
| Hagia Sophia | Orthodox cathedral built in Constantinople, built by Justinian, |
| Justinian | a great Byzantine emperor, had the Hagia Sophia built |
| 1453 | end of the Byzantine Empire (by the Ottoman Turks), beginning of the Ottoman Empire |
| jihad | means "struggle" |
| Muslim | follower of Islam |
| Bedouins | nomads who moved from oasis to oasis |
| Mecca | holiest city of Islam |
| Mecca | where the Kaaba is located |
| Mecca | Muslims pray towards this city |
| Kaaba | "cube" |
| Kaaba | ancient shrine that Muslims today believe was built by the prophet Abraham |
| Jews & Christians | "People of the Book" |
| Mosque | muslim place of worship |
| Muezzin | person who calls Muslims to pray |
| Mullah | teacher of Islamic law |
| Caliph | one of the leaders of Islam after Mohammad |
| Allah | Arabic word for God |
| 5 Pillars | Allah is God. prayer. give to the poor. fasting. pilgrimage to Mecca |
| 5 Pillars | duties of every Muslim |
| Ramadan | the Holy month of Islam |
| Hajj | pilgrimage Muslims make to Mecca |
| Abraham | connects Jews, Christians, and Muslims |
| Julius Caesar | made dictator for life |
| Julius Caesar | assinated by the Senate because they were afraid of his power |
| Julius Caesar | crossed the Rubicon |
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good luck on the final!