Unit 2-Chemistry of Life
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53 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 matter | anything that which has mass and occupies space made of atoms |
| atoms | the smallest unit of matter that has the characteristics of an element; consists of three main types of subatomic particles: protons neutrons and electrons. smallest part of an element |
| compounds | combination of 2 or more elements held together by bonds formed when elements combine |
| What are the 4 main body elements? | Nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen |
| nutrients, proteins, cell membrane, etc. | what do body elements make up? |
| element | have different numbers and arrangements of subatomic particles. bond with other elements in a predictable pattern |
| How do you find an elements atomic number? | the number of protons(+) is equal to the atomic number. The number of protons is equal to the number of electrons (-) |
| sub atomic particles | protons (+), electrions (-) and neutrons (no charge) considerably the building blocks of atoms inside nueron: protons (+), neutrons (no charge) outside: electrons (-) |
| electrons | electrons are found in in special shells each shell can hold a certain number of electrons atoms are most stalbe when they have 'full electrons shells' if the shells aren't filled, the element is radioactive |
| Valence electrons | the electrons in the outer most shell. this shell can hold 18 electrons |
| Isotopes | atoms that have the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons |
| ionic bonding | when atoms give or take valence electrons in order to fill their shells |
| covalent bonding | when atoms share valence electrons in order to fill their shells |
| in order to be electrically stable | Why do elements want to fill their shells? |
| chemical reactions | when bonds are broken when this happens energy is released in the form of heat and light |
| acids | ionize in water to H+ |
| bases | ionize in water to OH- |
| ion | when an atom has an unequal balance between protons and electrons, causing the atom to give a positive or negative charge |
| an uneven distribution between oxygen and hydrogen atoms | what makes water polar? |
| carbon | an element that has properties that give it a connecting point in which other atoms can branch off in up to 4 different directions |
| Carbon skeleton | when carbon forms bonds with other carbon atoms |
| organic molecules | any molecule that is carbon based |
| non-organic molecules | any molecule that is not carbon based |
| functional group | atoms within a molecule that interact with other molecules in a predictable way |
| monomer | 1 molecular unit |
| polymer | a chain of monomers. every living cell has 1,000s of different polymers |
| dehydration reaction | every time a monomer is added to a chain, a water molecule is released |
| carbohydrate | an organic compound made out of sugar molecules an important source of energy most carbs are hydrophilic |
| sugar | contains the elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. (CH2O) 'ring' carbon skeleton main fuel supply for cellular work |
| monosaccharides | simple sugars made up of only one sugar unit includes: glucose, fructose, and galactose |
| disaccharides | a 'double sugar' made from dehydration reaction of two monosaccharides includes: sucrose, a major plant carb |
| polysaccharides | polymer chains made up of simple sugar monomers also known as complex carbohydrates serve as 'building materials' includes: starch, (which serves a an energy stock pile for plants) as well as glycogen (which serves a an energy stock pile for animals) |
| hydrophilic | when chemicals can not dissolve in water |
| lipids | hydrophobic act as a wall that contains the aqueous content of cells circulate throughout the body as signals to cells |
| hydrophobic | 'water fearing' |
| fats | long hydrocarbon chains made up of glycerol attached to 3 fatty acids fatty tissues store energy, cushion your organs, and provide your body with insulation |
| glycerol | a three carbon backbone compound commonly found in fat |
| saturated fat | a type of fat in which all 3 fatty acid chains contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms all carbon atoms form single bonds and the rest of their bonds are with hydrogen atoms |
| unsaturated fat | a type of fat in which contains a less than maximum amount of hydrogen, because some of the carbon atoms are double bonded |
| steroids | a type of lipid made up of four fused carbon rings classified as lipids because they are hydrphobic some steriods circulate the body as chemical signals |
| cholesterol | an essential molecule steroid found in the membranes that surround the cells cholesterol is the basis of of body-steroid production |
| proteins | a polymer constructed from 20 different amino acids composed of one or more polypeptide chains responsible for the majority an organism's daily functioning forms hair and fur, makes up muscles, and provides long term nutrient storage |
| amino acids | a monomer made up of a central carbon atom bonded to 4 partners. one partner is a hydrogen atom, 2 others are a carboxyl group and an amino group. The 4th bond is a side group (r-group) and is responsible for the chemical properties of each amino acid |
| polypeptide | a chain that is used to link amino acids together in order to make a protein links are created by a dehydration reaction most chains are at least 100 amino acids in length there is a very large number of possible amino sequences for the chain, therefore a very large number of polypeptides |
| denaturation | when an unfavorable change in an environmental quality disrupts the shape of a protein. the damage is usually permanent |
| properties of a molecule | molecules are moving constantly and randomly molecules speed up with increased temperature, slow down with decreased temperature often collide |
| enzymes | break down proteins, used as a catalyst for organisms to speed up reactions help reactions to occur can not be changed or destroyed when they catalyze can be reused most enzyme names in in ase |
| activation energy | a 'start up' energy that causes chemical reactions |
| catalyst | can speed up reactions by reducing the activation energy |
| synthesize reaction | when enzymes make a new product build up raw materials into more complex substances |
| decomposition reactions | when enzymes break down substances |
| enzyme activate site | the place where the substrate molecules temporarily bond to |
| substrates | the substances that go into the enzyme's activate site |
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