Unit 1 test review two
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Created by:
itsreelygreat5 on September 19, 2010
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80 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 temperature | average kinetic energy of molecules |
| heat of vaporization | the quality of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 gram of it to be converted from liquid to gas |
| evaporative cooling | occurs because the hottest molecules (greatest kinetic energy) are the most likely to leave as gas; contributes to stability of temperature |
| specific heat | the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 gram of that substance to change its temperature by 1 degree Celsius |
| hydrophilic substances | substances attracted to water, whether ionic or polar |
| colloids | components suspended in the aqueous liquid of the cell because they are such large molecules they don't dissolve |
| hydrophobic substances | substances that are not attracted to, or do not have an affinity for water; nonionic and nonpolar substances |
| solution | a mixture that is completely homogeneous |
| solvent | the dissolving agent |
| solute | the substance that is dissolved |
| aqueous solution | solution where water is the solvent |
| hydration shell | the sphere of water moleculres around each dissolved ion |
| molecular mass | the sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule |
| mole | 6.02 x 10^23 daltons in 1 gram; Avogadro's number |
| molar mass | the mass of 6.02 x 10^23 molecules of a substance |
| molarity | the number of moles of solute per liter of solution |
| hydronium ion | when a water molecule breaks down into a hydrogen ion and a hydroxide ion, the lone hydrogen ion connects to another water molecule to form this |
| hydroxide | OH- |
| hydronium | H30+ |
| acid | a substance that increases the hydronium ion concentration |
| base | a substance that reduces the hydronium concentration |
| buffers | substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution; usually acid/base pairs |
| vitalism | outside force put organic matter here; belief in supernatural force creating organic matter |
| mechanism | belief that organic matter can be created according to laws of physics and chemistry |
| Wohler | makes urea in lab 1828 |
| Kolbe | acetic acide made in lab synthetically |
| Miller | 1953 simulated early earth conditions to make organic compounds |
| hydrocarbons | molecules of hydrogen and carbon only; main componenets of fossil fuels; can be diverse in length and shape; hydrophobic; often nonpolar |
| "ane" | ending for hydrocarbon with all single bonds |
| "ene" | ending for hydrocarbon with double bond |
| "yne" | ending for hydrocarbon with triple bond |
| isomer | same molecular formula, different structure/properties |
| structural isomers | rearranging the carbon backbone |
| geometric isomers | same covalent partnership, different spatial arrangements (surrounding double bonds) |
| enantiomers | asymmetric carbons, mirror-image molecules, left-hand/right-hand molecules |
| functional groups | certain groups of atoms that frequently attach to the carbon chain |
| hydroxyl | -OH; tend to form alcohols; tend to change to a polar molecule (hydrophilic) |
| carbonyl | =O; double-bonded oxygen on middle carbons - ketones; double-bonded oxygen on end carbons - aldehydes |
| carboxyl | -C-OH and =O; form carboxylic acids; can become ionized (release H+) makes it acidic |
| amino group | -N-H and -H; form amines; can become ionized by accepting an H+, tend to be basic |
| sulfhydryl | -SH; form thiols; help stabilize proteins |
| phosphate group | -O-P-O_ and =O and -O_; form organic phosphates; associated with energy transfers (ATP/ADP) |
| monomer | subunit or building block molecule |
| polymer | large molecule consisting of many similar subunits connected together |
| macromolecule | large organic polymer |
| condensation reaction | monomers are covalently linked, producing net removal of water molecule for each linkage; one monomer loses OH- and the other monomer loses a hydrogen |
| hydrolysis | breaking polymers into monomers |
| carbohydrates | made of monomers called monosaccharides (mol. form. mult. of CH2O); hydroxyl off each C except for 1 carbonyl; -OSE ending; sugars form rings |
| glycosidic linkage | monosaccharides link in condensation reaction called this |
| disaccharides | maltose (2 glucoses); lactose (glucose + galactose); sucrose (glucose + frucose) |
| starch | consists entirely of glucose molecules; joined by 1-4 linkages, helical shape; in A configuration |
| amylose | unbranched starch |
| amylopectin | branched starch with 1-6 linkages at branch points |
| glycogen | polymer of glucose more extensively branched than amylopectin |
| cellulose | major componenet of plant cell walls; most abundant organic compound; polymer of glucose, but in B configuration; never branched/straight |
| chitin | used by arthropodes tto build exoskeletons; similar to cellolose, except glucose monomer of this has nitrogen-containing appendage |
| fats | large molecules not polymers; made of glycerol and a fatty acid |
| glycerol | an alcohol with 3 carbons each with hydroxyl |
| fatty acid | long carbon skeleton 16-18 carbons with carboxyl group |
| saturated fat | all single bond fatty acid tail; tend to be solids at room temp |
| unsaturated fat | one or more double bonds; oils tend to be liquids at room temp |
| hydrogenated | makes unsaturated, saturated |
| ester linkage | condensation reaction that links the fatty acid to the glycerol |
| phospholipids | gylcerol with 2 fatty acids and 3rd spot joined with phosphate group; tails hydrophobic and heads hydrophilic; main part of membrances |
| steroids | 4 interconnected carbon rings; differ by functional groups attached to rings |
| proteins | monomers are amino acids; make up large part of organisms |
| polypeptide | chain of amino acids; need arranging before protein level |
| peptide bond | condensation reaction bonding amino acids together |
| primary structure | protein's unique sequence of amino acids; order |
| secondary structure | consists of coils or folds of polypeptide chains that contribute to the protein's overall conformation, the result of hydrogen bonds between the repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone |
| tertiary structure | the overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the R groups of the various amino acids |
| quaternary structure | the overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of those polypeptide subunits; several chains |
| denaturation | if environment is altered, protein may unravel and lose its native conformation |
| nucleotides | monomers of nucleic acids; 3 parts include pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), phosphate group, nitrogenous base |
| pyrimidines | single ring structure of nitrogenous base; cytosine, thymine, uracil (takes place of thymine in RNA) |
| purines | double ring structure of nitrogenous base; adenine and guanine |
| phosphodiester linkage | nucleotides linked together by this; connects the 3' carbon of one nucleotide to the phosphate group of another nucleotide |
| pairs of nitrogenous bases | A and T connected by 2 hydrogen bonds; G and C connected by 3 hydrogen bonds |
| RNA | single chain of nucleotides; has ribose sugar; has U, C, A, G |
| DNA | forms double helix; provides direction for its own replication; provides coded info to make RNA |
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