1.
Act of Toleration (1649): The first colonial statute granting religious freedom to all Christians. Called for the death of anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus.
2.
Amerigo Vespucci: Explored the east coast of South America; the person that America gets its name from.
3.
Anne Hutchinson: Dissident who was banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony. Founded Portsmouth.
4.
antinomianism: The idea that faith alone (not good deeds) is necessary for salvation.
5.
asiento system: System that took slaves to the New World to work for the Spanish. Required that a tax be paid to the Spanish ruler for each slave brought over.
6.
Bacon's Rebellion: Poor gentleman farmer who rebelled against Berkeley's government. Led an army of poor white man-virgins from the hills. Died of dysentery.
7.
Captain John Smith: Forcefully led the people of Jamestown away from starvation.
8.
Cecil Calvert ( Lord Baltimore): The son of the first Lord Baltimore. Attempted to further his dead father's plans.
9.
Charter of Liberties (1701): Guaranteed Pennsylvanians freedom of worship and unrestricted immigration.
10.
Chesapeake colonies: Colonial Virginia and Maryland.
11.
Christopher Columbus: Discovered lands across the Atlantic Ocean (the Americas).
12.
compass: Adopted from the Arabs, who adopted it from the Chinese, this item allowed navigation to become much more precise.
13.
Connecticut: Colony formed by the joining of New Haven and Hartford.
14.
conquistadores: Conquerors of the New World.
15.
corporate colonies: Colonies operated by joint-stock companies.
16.
Delaware: Created when William Penn granted the three lower counties of Pennsylvania their own assembly.
17.
Dominion of New England: The result of King James' combining of various New England colonies into a single unit.
18.
Father Jacques Marquette: Explored the upper Mississippi River with Louis Jolliet.
19.
Father Junipero Serra: Founded the mission chain in Alta California.
20.
Ferdinand and Isabella: Catholic monarchs of Spain during Columbus' voyages.
21.
Ferdinand Magellan: One of his ships was the first to ever circumnavigate the globe.
22.
Frame of Government (1682-1683): Guaranteed Pennsylvanians a representative assembly elected by landowners.
23.
Francisco Pizarro: Conquered the Inca Empire.
24.
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado: Explored a vast swath of North America from present-day New Mexico to Kansas.
25.
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639): The first written constitution in American history.
26.
George Calvert (Lord Baltimore): Was given control over Maryland by the English king. Was Catholic.
27.
Georgia: The last colony to be chartered. Was created to provide a buffer against Spanish Florida and to serve as a penal colony.
28.
Giovanni de Verrazano: Searched for a northwest passage to the Pacific for the French.
29.
Glorious Revolution: Succeeded in deposing James and replacing him with William and Mary.
30.
Great Migration: When some 15,000 settlers ran to the Massachusetts Bay Colony to escape the English Civil War.
31.
halfway covenant: Allowed zeal-lacking second-generation Puritans to take part in church activities without making a formal declaration of their total belief in Christ.
32.
headright system: System under which Virginia offered 50 acres of land to anyone who paid for an immigrant's passage to America.
33.
Henry Hudson: Explored the Hudson River for the Dutch.
34.
Henry the Navigator: Portuguese monarch who sponsored many exploratory voyages.
35.
Hernan Cortes: Conquered the Aztec Empire.
36.
Hernando de Soto: Explored from Florida westward to the Mississippi.
37.
holy experiment: William Penn's plan to make Pennsylvania a place where persecuted peoples and liberal ideas could thrive.
38.
indentured servant: Someone who came to America by agreeing to work for nothing but room and board for four to seven years.
39.
Jacques Cartier: Explored the St. Lawrence River for the French.
40.
James Oglethorpe: First governor of Georgia. Led the founding of Savannah.
41.
Jamestown: The first permanent English colony in the Americas.
42.
John Cabot: Explored the coast of Newfoundland for England. Gave grounds to the earliest English claims to the New World.
43.
John Davenport: Founded New Haven.
44.
John Rolfe: Established Jamestown's tobacco industry.
45.
John Winthrop: Led about a thousand Puritans to found Boston and several other towns.
46.
joint-stock company: English method of pooling the resources of people of moderate means in order to support potentially profitable trading ventures.
47.
Juan Ponce de Leon: Discovered Florida while searching for the mythical fountain of youth.
48.
King Philip's War: Vicious Indian vs. New England Confederation conflict. Thousands dead, Indian resistance in New England virtually gone by the end of it.
49.
land bridge: The way that the first people may have arrived in the Americas. It connected Siberia and Alaska around 40,000 years ago.
50.
Massachusetts Bay Colony: Colony founded by non-Separatist Puritans.
51.
Mayas, Incas, Aztecs: The three Native American cultures that built large cities in Central or South America.
52.
Mayflower: The boat that the Pilgrims sailed upon.
53.
Mayflower Compact: Document that pledged the Pilgrims to make decisions by the will of the majority.
54.
mercantilism: Economic policy that looked upon trade, colonies, and the accumulation of wealth as the basis for a country's military and political strength.
55.
Metacom, aka King Philip: Chief of the Wampanoags.
56.
Middle Passage: The route African-bearing ships took to get to the West Indies from West Africa.
57.
nation-state: A country in which the majority of people share a common culture and common loyalties toward a central government.
58.
Native Americans: The first humans to make a showing in the Americas.
59.
Navigation Acts: English-implemented laws stating that 1.Trade to and from the colonies could only be carried by English or colonial crews on English or colonial ships. 2.All goods imported into the colonies, except for some perishables, could pass only through ports in England. 3.Specific (or "enumerated") goods from the colonies could only be exported to England.
60.
New England Confederation: Military alliance between the New England colonies. Created because of frequent attacks by Indians, the Dutch, and the French, and because England was in the throes of a civil war and wasn't going to send aid. Lasted until 1684.
61.
New Hampshire: Last colony to be founded in New England.
62.
New Jersey: Divided from New York by King James in 1664. The piece of land between the Hudson River and Delaware Bay.
63.
New World: The Americas, as referred to by the Europeans until someone came up with a better name.
64.
New York: Taken from the Dutch (who called it New Amsterdam) by the Duke of York.
65.
papal line of demarcation: Determined which lands the Spanish had a claim to and which lands the Portuguese had a claim to. Draw straight down a map of the world by the Pope.
66.
Pedro Alvares Cabral: His explorations established Portugal's claim to Brazil.
67.
Pennsylvania: "Paid" to William Penn by the crown in 1681 to repay a large debt owed him.
68.
Peter Stuyvesant: Last Dutch governor of New Amsterdam.
69.
Pilgrims: Separatists who set sail for America.
70.
Plymouth colony: Colony established by the Pilgrims.
71.
Pocahontas: John Rolfe's American Indian wife.
72.
Portugal: Country the the west of Spain; ruled by Henry the Navigator. One of the first two countries to lay claim to lands in the Americas.
73.
primogeniture: A practice created in England where the first born son receives all land from father.
74.
printing press: Invention of this aided the spread of knowledge across Europe.
75.
proprietary colonies: Colonies under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king.
76.
Protestant Reformation: Series of revolts against the authority of the Pope in northern Europe.
77.
Providence: Colony founded by Roger Williams.
78.
Puritan Church Members: These free white men were allowed to vote in the Massachusetts Bay Colony for representative positions yearly for the colony's governor, his assistants, and a representative assembly.
79.
Puritans: Wanted to "purify" the Anglican Church of Catholic influences. Frequently persecuted in England.
80.
Quakers: Pacifist Christians with highly radical beliefs.
81.
Renaissance: European rebirth of classical learning and outburst of artistic and scientific activity in the late 1400s/early 1500s.
82.
Restoration colonies: Colonies founded during the period of English history known as the Restoration.
83.
Rhode Island: Created through the joining of Providence and Portsmouth. Offered religious freedom for all.
84.
rice plantations: Plantations commonly found in mid-18th-century South Carolina. Worked by African slaves.
85.
Robert de la Salle: Explored the Mississippi basin, which he named Louisiana.
86.
Roger Williams: A Puritan, exiled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Founded Providence.
87.
royal colonies: Colonies under the direct rule of a monarch.
88.
royal colony: A colony under the direct control of a monarch.
89.
Salem Witchcraft Trials (1692): Almost 20 hanged by accused of practicing witchcraft in Salem, Massachusetts. Ended by the governor when his wife was accused of witchcraft.
90.
Samuel de Champlain: Established the first permanent French settlement (Quebec) in the New World. Regarded as the "Father of New France."
91.
Separatists: Puritans with ambitions of creating a completely new Christian church outside of the Anglican Church, rather than reforming the Anglican Church.
92.
Sioux (Pawnee, Pueblo, Iroquois): Large North American Native American tribes.
93.
Sir Edmund Andros: Governor of the Dominion of New England.
94.
Sir William Berkeley: Royal governor of Virginia from 1641-1652 and 1660-1677.
95.
slave trade: Increased massively as the colonies shifted towards more labor-intensive crops and grew in size.
96.
slavery: Practice that started in the mid-1600s in Virginia.
97.
Spain: Country that funded Columbus' voyages. One of the first two countries to lay claim to lands in the Americas.
98.
technology: Major changes in this occurred during the Renaissance.
99.
the Carolinas: Granted to eight nobles by Charles II as a reward for helping him gain the English throne.
100.
The Moors: Driven out of Spain by Isabella and Ferdinand in 1492.
101.
Thomas Hooker: Led a large group of disgruntled Boston Puritans into the Connecticut River Valley to found Hartford.
102.
tobacco farms: Frequently found in North Carolina. A lack of good transportation prevented these from growing into large plantations.
103.
trade: Major incentive for exploration.
104.
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494): Treaty that moved the papal line of demarcation a few degrees to the west.
105.
triangular trade: Trade between the British colonies, West Africa, and the West Indies.
106.
Vasco Nunez de Balboa: Crossed the isthmus of Panama and discovered the Pacific Ocean.
107.
Virginia: The first of England's colonies.
108.
Virginia Company: Joint-stock company that established the first permanent English colony (Jamestown) in the Americas.
109.
Virginia House of Burgesses: The first representative assembly in America.
110.
Wampanoags: Indian tribe led by Metacom (aka King Philip).
111.
William Penn: Young convert to the Quaker faith. Founded Pennsylvania.
