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evolution descent with modification; idea that living species are descendants of ancestors that were different from present-day organisms; change in genetic composition of a population from generation to generation biology scientific study of life emergent properties new properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases reductionism reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study systems biology an approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems; allows for predictions when one variable of a component changes eukaryotic a type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; organisms with these cells include protists, plants, fungi, and animals prokaryotic a type of cell lacking both a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; bacteria and archaea DNA double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule, consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine genome entire "library" of genetic instructions that an organism inherits bioinformatics the use of computational tools to store, organize, and analyze the huge volume of data that result from high-throughput methods negative feedback the most common form of regulation; accumulation of an end product slows its own processing positive feedback process in which an end product speeds up its own production animalia, fungi, plantae, protista, monera five kingdoms archaea, bacteria, eukarya three domains Charles Darwin person who believed in 1) descent with modification--captures unity and diversity, and 2) natural selection--causes evolution as the unequal reproductive successes of individuals adapts the population to its environment data recorded observations; can be quantitative or qualitative inductive reasoning a type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations (specific >>> general) deductive reasoning a type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise (general >>> specific) controlled experiment an experiment that is designed to compare an experimental group with a control group; ideally, the only difference between the groups is part of what is being tested model a representation of a theory or process; may take form of a graph, diagram, 3D object, computer program, or mathematical equation adaptation any structure, behavior, or internal process that helps an individual to better survive and/or reproduce altruism the assistance given to one organism by another, even if the act of giving puts the survival of the assisting organism at risk Sir Richard Dawkins the person who believed in altruism as the illustration of "the selfish gene" atoms, biomolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere levels of biological organization (from simple to complex) energy processing, evolutionary adaptation, growth and development, order, regulation, reproduction, response to environment characteristics of life (7, in alphabetical order) order a characteristic of life; highly detailed and organized structure regulation a characteristic of life; maintenance of homeostasis energy processing a characteristic of life; consuming matter, storing energy, using energy evolutionary adaptation a characteristic of life; natural selection/descent with modification growth and development a characteristic of life; genes control life patterns response to environment a characteristic of life; an organism's interaction with its surroundings reproduction a characteristic of life; the creation of new life from pre-existing life atom the smallest unit of matter on Earth biomolecules combinations of atoms; examples include lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, ATP organelles combinations of biomolecules; nucleus, cytoplasm, membrane cells combinations of organelles; the first unit of life tissues combinations of cells; types include nervous, muscular, fat, blood organs combinations of more than one type of tissue organ systems group of organs that work together organism the simultaneous and interdependent functioning of various organ systems population group of organisms of a single specie in a localized area community all populations of all species in a localized area ecosystem the community plus abiotic factors; also includes interactions between biotic and abiotic components biosphere wherever on Earth that there is life abiotic factors components that affect an ecosystem; examples include temperature, rainfall, sunlight, wind, and soil symbiosis when two organisms live in close/tight relationships with each other parasitism a type of symbiosis in which one organism acts as a parasite and the other as a host mutualism a type of symbiosis in which both organisms benefit from the relationship commensualism a type of symbiosis in which one organism benefits from the relationship while the other is neither helped nor harmed cell theory proponents include 1) all living things are made of cells; 2) cells are the basic unit of life; 3) cells only come from other cells; established by Schleiden and Schwann energy the ability to do work; all life needs a constant supply of this sunlight, producers, consumers pattern of energy flow autotrophs organisms that create their own food heterotrophs organisms that eat other organisms for energy kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, specie traditional taxonomy animalia characteristics of this kingdom: heterotrophic, eukaryotic, multicellular, no cell walls fungi characteristics of this kingdom: heterotroph, eukaryotic, multicellular, cell walls (chitin) plantae characteristics of this kingdom: autotroph, eukaryotic, multicellular, cell walls (cellulose) protista characteristics of this kingdom: both autotrophic and heterotrophic, eukaryotic, unicellular but with some multicellular, some have cell walls while some do not monera characteristics of this kingdom: both autotrophic and heterotrophic, prokaryotic, unicellular, cell walls (peptidoglycam or murein) extreme thermophiles type of archaea; can survive boiling water, thrive near geysers extreme halophiles type of archaea; loves high salt concentrations methanogens type of archaea; poisoned by oxygen, live in waterlogged soils, swamps, produce methane gas prokaryotic 1) contains ribosomes >> proteins; 2) no endoplasmic reticulum; 3) no membrane-bound organelles; 4) one circular chromosome; 5) bacteria; 6) about 10 times smaller; 7) no nucleus (DNA floats around) eukaryotic 1) contains ribosomes >> proteins; 2) contains endoplasmic reticulum; 3) all organelles are membrane-bound; 4) multiple, linear chromosomes; 5) everything besides bacteria; 6) about 10 times larger; 7) membrane-enclosed nucleus