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secularization process of developing activities outside of religion mongols after 1240 held Russia in subjugation for 200 years kosovo battle here in 1389, Serbian defeated by Ottomans bubonic plague also 'Black Death' killed close to fifty percent from 1348 to 1500 "jacqueries nickname for peasants wat tyler rebellion occured in 1381 during the plague (chaos) hundred years war began in 1333 between England and France joan of arc burned at Rouen in 1431, popular patriotism Rouen where Joan of Arc was burned Jack Cade's rebellion broke out in 1450 at start of Wars of Roses Edward I began in 1290s to tax church Philip the Fair began in 1290s to tax church Boniface VIII pope who prohibited taxation of church Unam Sanctam issued by Boniface in 1302 (everyone must adhere to the pope) Avignon where French pop resided "Babylonian Captivity French arrestin Boniface Great Schism of the West College of Cardinals elect 2 popes. on in Rome and the other in Avignon annates bishop or abbot was to give first year income to church bull a threat and most solome form of papal edict Dance of Death during questioning of the church Black Mass worshipping hell Order of Flagellants marched through streets beating each other William Langland wrote Piers Plowman Piers Plowman discussed hypocrisy and corruption of church Lollards in England critical of wealth John Wyclif criticized church and papacy, branded heretic John Huss criticized church and papacy, branded heretic Council of Pisa chruch council from all parts of west, result was 3 popes Council of Constance 1414,end 3 popes, end heresy, reform church Martin V appointed new pope after 3 popes ended, declare popes supreme to church simony selling or buying of church offices nepotism people in power giving jobs to friends or family indulgences selling of divine grace by Church Sanction of Bourges 1438 Gallican Catholics say council supreme over pope Nicholas V (1447-1455) responisble for Vatican library Pius II renaisannce pope and scholar (1458-1464) Innocent VIII first pope to dine in public with women Alexander VI pope that exploited office for benefit of his relatives lucretia borgia daughter of alexander VI, gathered literary men and artists juilius II talented general willing to us military force to ensure power of church Leo X superb patron of architects and painters, promoted fantastic accomplishments of Renaissance in Italy dante wrote Divine Comedy, died before 1375 boccaccio writer in the renaissance of italy, died before 1375 petrarch writer in the renaissance of italy, died before 1375 machiavelli writer who lived until 1527 giovanni de medici merchant and banker in florence, founder of family fortune cosimo de medici son of giovanni and unofficial ruler of florence lorenzo grandson of cosimo, poet and benefactor of arts, became a grand duchy in 16th century virtu quality of being a man leonardo da vince the "last supper" present beauty and desirable world savonarola priest who led movement and was tried and burned at the stake in 1498 humanism rising interest in human letters divine comedy written by dante in italian decameron written by boccaccio in italian bruni wrote history of florence lorenzo valla one of the founders of textual criticism castiglione wrote the book of the courtier condottieri professional fighters hired by merchants and bankers the prince handbook on statecraft by niccolo machiavelli thomas moore northern humanist in england, beheaded by henry VIII erasmus northern humanist of rotterdam pagan humanism south, humanists avoided christianity christian humanism north, emphasized christianity (hebrew and Greek) fugger johann fugger, one of the wealthiest bankers in europe nicholas of cusa churchman whose mystical philosophy entered later into developing mathematics and science copernicus believed the earth moved around the sun behaim and schoner germans who made the first globes paracelsus attempted to improve medicine at the university of basel dr. faustus educated german of 16th century, said he soul his soul to the devil for power and knowledge christopher marlowe 1593 dramatized faustus in england oswald spengler in his decline of west used "faustian" to symbolize doom of europe meister eckhart believed individual soul could communicate directly with god thomas a kempis mystic wrote imitation of christ gerard groote attracted followers with his sermons on spritual regeneration praise of folly satire of clergies world pretensions and ambitions handbook of a christian knight showed how many could take part in the affairs of the world and remain a devout christian salus populi suprema lex welfare of the people in the highest law tudors dynasty of nobility in england 1485-1603 wars of roses won by henry VII power struggle livery and maintenance right of a duke or count to have his own army star chamber created by henry VII, royal council to settle disputes by the nobility henry VII first of the tudor dynasty, viewed as unpleasant but good ruler valois line of kings in france starting with louis XI Louis XI expanded borders of france, more power to tax than the tudors pragmatic sanction gave french king control over the church francis I 1516, pope leo X reached an agreement with him ferdinand of aragon married to isabella, controlled balearic islands isabella of castile controlled castile and americas,1469 married Cardinal Ximenes rid Catholic Church of abuses of European Churches Granada Moors pushed from here in 1492 Moriscos Moors that converted to Catholicism Marranos Jews that converted to Catholicism Inquisition totrure used to extract confessions