1.
Acromegaly: Hyper levels of GH
2.
Actions of the endocrine system: Acts through chemicals called hormones, the effect is generalized and of long term duration
3.
Addison's disease: a life threatening disease process due to failure of the adrenal cortex to secrete adequate mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids resulting from an autoimmune process, a newplasm an infection or a hemorrhage in the gland. ( symptoms = low blood glucose, low blood sodium, weight loss, dehydration, weakness....
4.
Adrenal Cortex: Located in the Adrenal Gland (aka Kidney cap or suprarenal); hormones secreted here are steroids and regulate by negative feedback involving the hypothalamus and ACTH from the anterior pituitary
5.
Adrenal Medulla: Located in the Adrenal Gland (aka Kidney cap or suprarenal); Hormones secreted are epinephrine and norepinephrine
6.
Adrenocoricotropic Hormone (ACTH): Found in the anterior pituitary lobe; stimulates activity of the adrenal cortex, particularly the secretion of cortisol (stress hormone)
7.
Afferent and efferent functions of the spleen: -blood-cleansing functions, extracting aged and defective blood cells and platelets from the blood it's macrophages remove debris and foreign matter from blood.
- stores some of the breakdown products of red blood cells for later reuse
-stores blood platelets
-site of erythrocyte production in the fetus
8.
Alpha and Beta cells in Pancreas--these cells act as tiny fuel sensors, secreting glucagon and insulin appropriately during the fasting and fed states.: Pancreatic islets, tiny cell clusters that produce pancreatic hormones. The islets contain two major populations of hormone-producing cells: The glucagon-synthesizing ____ cells and the more numerous insulin-producing____cells.
9.
Andorgens: Principal hormone is testosterone (responsible for secondary male sex characteristic); found in the testes
10.
Antagonist hormones: Insulin/glucagon, calcitonin/ponathocmove
11.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): Found in the posterior pituitary lobe; promotes reabsorption of water in the kidney tubules
12.
Bubonic Plague Symtoms....: Chills
General ill feeling (malaise)
High fever
Muscle pain
Severe headache
Seizures
Smooth, painful lymph gland swelling called a buboes
Commonly found in the groin, but may occur in the armpits or neck, most often at the site of the initial infection (bite or scratch)
Pain may occur in the area before the swelling appears
13.
Calcitonin: Found in th thyroid gland; reduces calcium levels in the blood
14.
Causes of Bubonic Plague.....: A bacteria called yersina pestis and it multiplies within the lymph system "Black Death"
15.
Components of lymph?: nutrients, wastes, and gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluid. Once interstitial fluid enter the lymphatics it is called ______?
16.
Cretinism: condition of congenital hypothyroidism in children that results in a lack of mental development and dwarfed physical stature; the thyroid gland is either congenitally absent or imperfectly developed
17.
Cushings syndrome: hypersecretion of glucocorticoids; caused by oversecretion of ACTH or tumor on adrenal cortex; symptoms- hyperglycemia, muscle weakness, swelling, buffalo hump, puffy appearance
18.
Diabetic Insipidus: Disease characterized by passage of large quantiy of dilute urine plus intense thirst and dehydration caused by inadequate release of antidiuretic hormone (ADA).
19.
Diabetic Mellitus (DM): Disease caused by defienent insulin release or by insulin resistance, leading to inability of the body cells to use carbohydrates.
20.
Difference between Type I and Type II diabetes: -Type 1 diabetes: results from the body's failure to produce insulin, and presently requires the person to inject insulin. (Also referred to as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM for short, and juvenile diabetes.)
-Type 2 diabetes: results from insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to use insulin properly, sometimes combined with an absolute insulin deficiency. The receptors of the cell do not function.
21.
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine: Prepare the body for strenuous activity and stree; effect is similar to that of the sympathetic nervous system but last 10 times longer (feeling the stress past the initial reaction)
22.
Fight-or-flight: The SNS is mobilized. Blood glucose levels rise, blood vessels constrict and the heart beats faster-together rising BP-Blood is diverted from temporarily nonessential organs to the heart and skeletal muscles, and preganglionic sympathetic nerve ending weaving throug hte adrenal medulla signal for release of catecholamines, which reinforce and prolong the_____ response. 80% Epinephrine and 20% norepinephrine
23.
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH): Found in the anterior pituitary lobe; a GONADOTROPIN that stimulates the development of ova in the ovaries and sperm in the testes. Also stimulates the production of estrogen in the female
24.
Function of each endocrine gland: -Pituitary-"master gland' one love is neural tissue and the other is glandular. posterior-releases neurohormones and anterior-releases numerous hormones
-Thyroid-produces T3&T4; controls metabolism; ability to break down and food and store it as energy.
-Parathyroid-4-8 glands embedded in the posterior aspect of the thyroid produces PTH..which keep calcium levels normal
-Adrenal-Medulla nervous tissue, part of the SNS...Cortex thr layer of glandular tissue that synthesize and secrete corticosteriods.
-Pineal-Secretes Melatonin which plays a role in rhythmic variations such as sleep,temp,appetite,timing of sexual matuation+puberty, day/night cycles.
25.
Goiter: enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by thyroid dysfunction, tumor, lack of iodine in the diet, or inflammation (goiter = throat)
26.
Graves disease: disorder of the thyroid gland characterized by the presence of hyperthyroidism, goiter, and exophthalmos
27.
Growth Hormone (GH): Found in the anterior pituitary lobe; Promotes protein synthesis which results in growth (makes protein)
28.
Hodgkin's disease: malignant disorder usually arising in the lymph nodes, causes 1 or more groups of lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, groin, chest or abdomen, can also cause weight loss, fever, sweating at night and itching
29.
Hormones that regulate electolytes.....: ADH, PTH, aldosterone
30.
Lutenizing Hormone (LH): Found in the anterior pituitary lobe; another GONADOTROPIN that causes ovulation and secretion of progesterone and estrogen in females, and stimulates production of testosterone in males
31.
Lymphoma: any neoplasm of the lymphoid tissue, whether benign or malignant
32.
MALT Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue: -Protects passages that are open to the exterior from the never-ending onslaughts of foreign matter entering them.
-Peyer's patches, the appendix, the tonsils, lymphoid follicles in the wall of the bronchi, and mucosa of genitourinary organs are all part of the collection os small lymphoid tissues referred to as.....?
33.
Myxedema: advanced hypothyroidism in adults characterized by sluggishness, slow pulse, puffiness in the hands and face, and dry skin (myx = mucous)
34.
Ovaries: Estrogen- responsible for the development and maintainence of female secondary sex characteristics; Progesterone- maintains the uterine lining for pregnancy
35.
Oxytocin: Found in the posterior pituitary lobe; causes uterine muscle contraction and ejection of milk from lactating breast (form of positive feedback)
36.
Parathyroid Gland: Antagonistic to calcitonin, increases blood calcium levels (has opposite effect of calcitonin)
37.
Pititary Dwarfism: Hypo levels of GH
38.
Primary sex characteristics: Those you are born with
39.
Prolactin: Found in the anterior pituitary lobe; promotes the development of glandular tissue in the breast and stimulates the produciton of milk
40.
Regulation of Hormones: 1) Regulated by negative feedback mechanism, 2) Some hormones are secreted in response to other hormones, 3) secretion is by direct nerve stimulation
41.
Releasing hormones from hypothalmus.....: Oxytocin and ADA
42.
Second messenger mechanism, what type of hormones trigger it?: -cAMP
ACTH,FSH,LH,Glucogon,PTH,TSH,Calcitonin
-PIP2
TRH,ADH,GnRH,Oxytocin,Epinephrine
43.
Secondary sex characteristic: Develope with puberty
44.
Testes: Produce the male sex hormones, called androgens
45.
The endocrine system acts through chemicals called...: Hormones
46.
The Pancreas: Responsible for the secretion of glugagon, insulin, and gylcogen
Glucagon Found in the pancreas; raises blood glucose levels
Insulin Found in the pancreas; anatagonistic to glucagon by decreasing blood glucose levels
Gylcogen Found in the pancreas; stores glucose (stored sugar for energy source)
47.
The Pineal Gland: Responsible for the secretion of Melatonin which helps regulate the circadian rhythms (found in the brain)
48.
The pituitary gland: Contains the anterior and posterior pituitary; secrete growth hormone (GH), Thyroid Stimulating hormone (TSH), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Adrenotcoricotropic (ACTH), Lutenizing Hormone (LH), Prolactin (All anterior lobe hormones), Oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (both posterior lobe hormones)
49.
The target receptor site for for proteins is located....: Outside of the cell membrane (therefore it needs to uses diffusion or osmosis to penetrate the cell
50.
The target receptor site for steroids is located....: Inside the cell
51.
The Thyroid Gland: Secretes the hormones Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3) and Calcitonin
52.
Thymus Gland: Promotes the maturation of T-cell in the immune system (T-cells are the first line of defense in the immune system when a pathogen or antigen enters the blood
53.
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Found in the anterior pituitary lobe; stimulates activity in the thyroid gland
54.
Thyroxine (T4): Found in the throid gland; affects metabolism of carbs, proteins, and lipids
55.
Triiodothyronine (T3): Found in the thyroid gland; affects metabolism of carbs, proteins, and lipids
56.
Two classifications of hormones: Proteins and steroids
57.
What do B Cells do?: Protect the body by producing plasma cells, daughter cells that secrete antibodies into the blood or other body fluids.
58.
What do T Cells do?: Manage the immune response and some of them directly attack and destroy infected cells.
59.
What is ADH, What inhibits it?: adequate hydration of the body and by alcohol.
60.
What triggers gluconeogenesis?: Stress provokes cortisol; Cortisol provokes _________ that is the formation of glucose from fats and proteins.
61.
When and how the thymus gland functions?: Large and conspicuous in infants and chldren, the _____ diminishes in size throughout adulthood. By old age, it is composed largely of adipose and fivrous connective tissues.
62.
Where are lymphatics not found?: bones, teeth, bone marrow, and entire central nervous system (Brain and spinal cord)
