PSY 101 H Chapter 1
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acrawley2781 on September 21, 2010
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Thinking Critically with Psychological Science
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43 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Psychology | the scientific study of behavior and mental processes; "the science of mental health" |
| Wilhelm Wundt | german physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879 |
| Sigmund Freud | austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis |
| Margaret Floy Washburn | First Woman to receive PHD in psychology from Cornell in 1894 |
| introspection | focusing on inner sensations, images, and feelings |
| behaviorism | the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2). |
| humanistic psychology | Emphasized the importance of current environment influences on our growth potential and the importance of meeting our needs for love and acceptance. |
| cognitive neuroscience | the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language) |
| Early psychology was seen as a mix of what two things? | physiology and philosophy |
| nature vs. nurture | the question involves which has more impact on our development; the traits we inherit or the environment that we live in |
| John B. Watson | founded behaviorism, "Little Albert" |
| B.F. Skinner | rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior |
| neuroscience | how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences |
| evolutionary psychology | the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection. |
| behavior genetics | How much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences |
| psychodynamic | How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts |
| behavioral psychology | how we learn observable responses |
| cognitive psychology | how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information |
| social-cultural | how behavior and thinking vary across situations and culture |
| What is the main difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist? | psychiatrists are more likely to attend medical school and prescribe medication |
| A psychologist treating emotionally troubled adolescents at a local mental health agencey is most likely to be a... | clinical psychologist |
| nature is to nurture as | biology is to experience |
| hindsight bias | the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. "Out of sight, out of mind" |
| What three attitudes make modern science possible? | curiosity, skepticism, and humility |
| critical thinking | thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions. |
| Studyings the three attitudes means that scientists... | are willing to ask questions and to reject claims that cannot be verified by research |
| case study | an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles |
| naturalistic observation | observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation |
| correlation | a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. The correlation coefficient is the mathematical expression of the relationship, ranging from -1 to +1 |
| illusory correlation | the perception of a relationship where none exists |
| double blind procedure | participants are uninformed about what treatment, if any, they are receiving and the research assistants are uninformed about which participants get which treatment |
| placebo effect | experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent. |
| The laboratory environment is designed to... | re-create psychological forces under controlled conditions |
| The case study is a research method in which... | a single individual is studied in great depth |
| Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory work involved experimental studies of | reactions to sensory stimulation |
| Studying people of all races and cultures is most helpful for | discerning human similarities and differences |
| Mrs. Alfieri believes that her husband's angry outbursts against her result from his unconscious hatred of his own mother. Mrs. Alfieri is looking at her husband's behavior from a(n) ________ perspective | Psychodynamic |
| Which perspective would suggest that the facial expressions associated with the emotions of lust and rage are inherited? | Evolutionary |
| Who was the American philosopher who authored a textbook in 1890 for the emerging discipline of psychology? | James |
| In its early years, psychology focused on the study of ________, but from the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of ________. | mental life; observable behavior |
| John Watson is to Wilhelm Wundt as ________ is to ________. | observable behavior; inner sensations |
| Behaviorists dismissed the value of | Introspection |
| The placebo effect best illustrates the impact of ________ on feelings and behaviors | positive expectations |
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