| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Oracle Bones | The tools used by the Chinese to speak with the ancestors. |
| Alms, Faith, Fasting, Pilgrimage, Prayer | The 5 Pillars of Islam, alphabetized |
| Philip II | The absolute monarch of Spain who lost the Spanish Armada and the Netherlands. |
| Divine Right | The belief of absolute monarchs that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as God’s representative on Earth. Therefore, monarchs respond to God rather than the people. |
| Henry IV | The Protestant prince of France who became Catholic upon inheriting the crown to please the people. He issued the Edict of Nantes which gave French Protestants the right to live in peace. |
| Louis XIV | The absolute ruler who froze the nobles out of government and made France the most powerful nation in Europe. |
| Hapsburg | The ______ family ruled Austria, Hungary, and Bohemia during the early 1600s. |
| Ivan IV | The Russian ruler who started off good but after his wife died turned harsh and paranoid. |
| Peter I | The Russian king who tried to modernize Russia by creating St. Petersburg and wearing western clothes. |
| Parliament | During the Glorious Revolution, Mary and William were supported as kings assuming they did everything with the consent of ________. |
| Copernicus | The inventor of the theory that the sun is in the center of the universe. |
| Galileo Galilei | The man who discovered that the sun had dark spots and that the earth’s moon had a rough, uneven surface. |
| John Locke | He believed that people could learn from experience and improve themselves, believed in three rights and advocated democracy. |
| Catherine the Great | The female ruler of Russia who reformed by proposing the ideas of Montesquieu and Beccaria. She also fought until she received access to the Black Sea. |
| God, Glory, and Gold | The three reasons for Europeans to explore. |
| Muslims and Italians | Who controlled trade from Asia to Europe before the Age of Exploration? |
| Bartolomeu Dias | An early Portuguese explorer who was first to round the Cape of Good Hope. |
| Vasco de Gama | An early Portuguese explorer who was first to go up the east coast of Africa and reach India. |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | The treaty in which Spain and Portugal split the ownership of the world in halves. |
| Dutch | The (Dutch/English/French/Portuguese) East India Company dominated over competition. |
| Philip II | The king of Macedonia who conquered Greece. His son is Alexander the Great. |
| Alexander the Great | The boy who conquered much of Eastern Europe, Africa, and Asia. |
| Darius III | The Persian prince who was crushed by Alexander the Great. |
| Hellenistic | The culture created by Alexander the Great’s conquests was known as _______ culture. |
| Andes | The Chavin, Moche, and Nazca all originated in the _____. |
| Aryans; dasas | A group of Indo-Europeans known as the ______ moved into India and subjugated the dark-skinned ______. |
| Rig Veda | The most important of the sacred literature of the Aryans. |
| Castes | The groups of people in India such as the Shudras and Brahmins. |
| Balance of Power | The American Constitution created three houses with a ______ __ ______. |
| Checks and Balances | The system of ____ ___ ______ was used to maintain a Balance of Power in the USA. |
| Balkanization | The period in which the various groups of the Balkans won independence from the Ottomans. |
| Capitalism | The system of private ownership of businesses for the purpose of personal success. |
| Encomienda | The system in Central America and Mexico where natives were enslaved. |
| Spanish Armada | The Spanish fleet that lost to the English under Philip II. |
| Shinto | The earliest religion of Japan composed of various tribal customs and beliefs. |
| Gutenberg | The inventor of the printing press. |
| Ibn Battuta | An African historian who studied all of Africa and Mali. |
| Agriculture | The Neolithic Revolution was a revolution of ________. |
| 8000 BCE | The Neolithic Revolution began around ____ ___. |
| Zheng He | The Muslim admiral of China |
| Seven | Number of voyages Zheng He led (Spell it) |
| Yonglo | The Chinese emperor who sent Zheng He on his voyages. |
| Hammurabi's Code | The first body of laws that was uniform for a group of people. |
| Henry VIII | The English king who broke from the Catholic Church. |
| Henry VIII | The English king who had six wives and had two of them executed because he wanted a son. |
| Anglican | The _____ Church, or Church of England, was founded by Henry VIII. |
| Peninsulares | The highest class in Spanish colonial society of people born in Europe. |
| Printing Press | The invention of the _____ ____ caused great amounts of knowledge to be available at a cheap price in Europe, thereby causing literacy and eventually overall knowledge to increase. |
| Bantu | The group of people that migrated throughout southern and eastern Africa around 2000 years ago. |
| Bureaucracy | The civil service system that Confucianism supported. |
| Confucius | Chinese thinker who came up with five basic relationships that society should revolve around. |
| Filial piety | Respect for the parents and ancestors. |
| Confucianism | The ethical system that came up with filial piety. |
| Bastille Day | July 14, 1789 |
| Tennis Court Oath | The oath that the Third Estate delegates made to wait inside the Versailles until a new constitution had been drawn up. |
| Old Regime | The social and political system of France that had three estates. |
| Clergy | First Estate. |
| Nobles | Second Estate. |
| Most of population | Third Estate. |
| Bourgeoisie | The wealthiest of the third estate which believed strongly in Enlightenment ideals. |
| Louis XVI | The stupid king of France who wasted France’s money. |
| Marie Antoinette | The stupid queen of France who wasted France’s money. |
| Estates-general | The meeting of the representatives of all three estates. |
| Great Fear | A wave of senseless panic that rolled through France during the early French revolution. |
| National Assembly | The third Estate delegates as unified to pass laws and reforms in the name of the French people. |
| Legislative Assembly | The body created under a limited monarchy which could pass laws and approve or reject declarations of war. |
| Emigres | Nobles and others who had fled France during the French Revolution and wanted to restore the Old Regime. |
| Sans-coulottes | Parisian workers and small shopkeepers who wanted further change from the limited monarchy. |
| Jacobins | The members of the radical club that included most of the people involved in the governmental changes of September 1792. |
| Guillotine | The machine that cut off peoples’ heads during the French Revolution. |
| Reign of terror | The reign of Maximilien Robespierre as leader of the Committee of Public Safety. |
| Machiavelli | Author of The Prince, the guidebook for rulers, he believed in doing what was politically effective over what was morally right. |
| Magna Carta | An agreement signed between Prince John and the nobles giving the nobles a certain amount of power (1215). |
| Mercantilism | An economic policy in which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods that they bought. |
| Bolivar | The liberator of Northern South America, he defeated the Spanish at the Battle of Ayacucho. |
| San Martin | The liberator of Southern South America, he gave his army to Bolivar for the Battle of Ayacucho. |
| Miguel Hidalgo | A Mexican priest who tried to revolt and raised 80,000 men, he is known for his cry “grito de Dolores” |
| Brazil | The only American colony to have a bloodless revolution. |
| Martin Luther | The man who led the Protestant Reformation by posting 95 theses against the Catholic Church. |
| Indulgence | A pardon that releases a sinner from performing penalties that were sold by clergy. |
| Lutherans | Luther and his followers. |
| Protestants | Non-catholic Christians. |
| Songhai | A West African empire that conquered Mali and controlled trade from the 1400s to 1591. |
| Samurai | The professional warriors who served Japanese feudal lords. |
| Bushido | The strict code of conduct followed by samurai warriors. |
| Phoenicians | The inventors of the alphabet. |
| Phoenicians | The first civilization to sail around the Cape of Good Hope |
| Gold | Mali’s economy was based on _____. |
| Roads | The Incans, like the Romans, had a large system of _____. |
| Pachacuti | The last Incan emperor. |
| Quipu (knots) | The Incan system of record keeping (please turn off stuff in parentheses to the right). |
| Ayllu | Incan extended family group |
| Mita | Incan labor tribute. |
| Enlightenment | The Buddhist goal of complete wisdom. |
| India | The country where Buddhism originated. |
| Four Noble Truths | The ideas that Buddha had come to understand in his enlightenment. |
| Eight-fold path | The Buddhist guide to behavior. |
| Columbian Exchange | The system of triangular trade between America, Europe, and Africa. |
| Manufactured goods, slaves, cotton | Under the Columbian Exchange, Europeans traded _____ ____ for ____ in Africa, then traded the African trade item for _____ in America, then traded the American trade item for the European trade item, and so it repeated. |
| Feudalism | The system in which warring lords ruled over peasants. |
| Serfs | Peasants who, under feudalism, were unable to flee their lord. |
| Manor | A lord’s house and estate under feudalism. |
| Ghana | The precedent to Mali, this state was based on gold and salt trade. |
| Hatshepsut | The female pharaoh of Egypt 1500 BCE. |
| Narmer | The unifier of Upper and Lower Egypt 3000 BCE. |
| Hittites | The civilization that fought with Egypt (from Turkey) |
| Justinian | The _____ Code was created by the Byzantine Empire. |
| Justinian | The _____ Code was divided into four sections: the Code, Digest, Institutes, Novellae. |
| Descartes | A man who believed that gaining knowledge should be done through mathematics and logic. |
| Anyang | The capital of the Shang empire. |
| Shang | The first Chinese dynasty besides the Xia. |
| Mandate of Heaven | Divine approval, or the right to rule, in Zhou China. |
| Dynastic Cycle | The pattern of rise, decline and replacement of dynasties. |
| Zhou | The Dynasty that invented the Dynastic cycle. |
| Feudalism | During the Zhou dynasty, a political system involving lords was invoked known as _______, |
| Athens | Who invented democracy? |
| Peloponnesian War | The war between Athens and Sparta. |
| Dorians | These people led Greece into a period of no writing. |
| Homer | The Dorian writer of epics. |
| Persian Wars | The war between Athens and Sparta against Darius the Great. |
| Socrates | The Athenian who believed that there were absolute standards for truth and justice. |
| Plato | Writer of The Republic, this Athenian believed in a system of government with three classes. |
| Aristotle | The Athenian who questioned the nature of the world and of human belief, thought, and knowledge. Created the scientific method. |
| Communism | A form of complete socialism in which the means of production would be owned by the people. |
| Socialism | A economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all. |
| Karl Marx | The inventor of Communism. |
| The Communist Manifesto | Marx’s book that described how the lower class would overturn the world and found communism. |
| Qin | The dynasty that began the work of the Great Wall. |
| Shi Huangdi | The oppressive but efficient ruler of the Qin dynasty: |
| Legalism | The legal system used by the Qin dynasty. |
| Chandra Gupta | The founder of the Gupta empire. |
| Patriarchal | The Gupta empire had families who were (patriarchal/matriarchal) |
| Kush | The Empire who ousted the Libyans and conquered the Egyptians. |
| Piankhi | The most famous leader of the Kushites, he conquered Egypt but adopted their culture. |
| Alexander Nevsky | The Russian prince and leader who advised the Russians to cooperate with the Mongols. |
| Ivan III | The first Russian czar, he broke free of the Mongol rule in a bloodless standoff. |
| Kublai Khan | The Chinese ruler who Marco Polo worked for. |
| Marco Polo | This European worked as a translator in the court of the Yuan Dynasty. |
| Great success, false | Marco Polo’s stories were a (failure, great success) initially in Europe but the people who read them considered them to be (false, true). |
| Tikal | Huge Mayan city in northern Guatemala. |
| Glyphs | The Mayan writing system. |
| Codex | Mayan bark-paper book. |
| Popol Vuh | The Mayan creation story. |
| Chivalry | A code of behavior for knights in medieval Europe, stressing ideals such as courage, loyalty, and devotion |
| Guild | Medieval association of people working at the same occupation, which controlled its members’ wages and prices. |
| Baghdad | the Abbasid capital city. |
| Calligraphy | The most used Muslim art form. |
| Roman Empire | The empire that conquered everything from Britain to Egypt, including all of the land around the Mediterranean. |
| Rome | The Byzantine empire held the culture of ____ and Greece for 1000 years. |
| Justinian | The Byzantine Empire’s most famous emperor. |
| Hagia Sophia | The massive cathedral of the Byzantine empire. |
| Constantinople | The capital of the Byzantine empire. |
| Humanism | A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements. |
| Secular | The basic spirit of the Renaissance society was _____ rather than spirtual. |
| Patrons | Those who financially supported artists in the Renaissance. |
| Michelangelo | The Renaissance artist who created David. |
| Leonardo da Vinci | The Renaissance artist and scientist who drew the Mona Lisa. |
| Raphael | Artist who created Madonna and Child. From Renaissance. |
| Kaiser Wilhelm I | The Junker king of Germany who hired Otto von Bismark. |
| Otto von Bismark | The conservative Junker who made decisions by “blood and iron.” |
| Realpolitik | Bismark’s tough power politics with no room for idealism. |
| Camillo di Cavour | The prime minister of Sardinia, he united much of Italy. |
| Giuseppe Garibaldi | “The Red One,” he united Sicily through Naples and turned it over to the Sardinian government. |
| Isabella | The queen of Spain who made use of the Inquisition for unification and to expand her power. |
| Tokugawa Shogunate | The ________ _______ was marked by kabuki theater and haiku. |
| Shogun | The ______ used the emperor as a figurehead while he ruled in the background of Japanese society. |
| First | During the ____ Crusade, Crusaders conquered a narrow stretch of land from Edessa to Jerusalem. |
| Second | During the ____ Crusade, Crusaders lost a battle to reconquer Edessa. |
| Saladin | The Muslim leader of the army, he conquered Edessa and then ended a stalemate battle with King Richard. |
| Richard the Lion-Hearted | The Christian leader of the Third Crusade, he ended in a stalemate. |
| Third | During the ____ Crusade, Crusaders ended in a stalemate. |
| Fourth | During the ____ Crusade, Crusaders didn’t make it to the Holy Land but instead attacked Constantinople. |
| Europe; Muslims | The biggest result of the Crusades was the increase in trade between _____ and the _____. |
| Twelve Tables | A group of laws that became the basis for Roman law. |
| Timur the Lame | The rebellious warrior from Samarkand who briefly halted the expansion of the Ottoman Empire. |
| Mehmed II | The Ottoman king who conquered Constantinople. |
| Suleyman | The Ottoman king who began the custom of killing the most able sons, producing a long line of weak sons. |
| Scandinavia | The Viking homeland. |
| Big and powerful | The Viking ships were (big and powerful, small and swift) for their time. |
| Hieroglyphics | Egyptian writing. |
| Characters | Chinese writing. |
| Cuneiform | The first writing system in the world, this was invented by the Sumerians. |
| Increased crop yields | Enclosures and crop rotation caused ______ ___ ____, which helped lead into the Industrial Revolution. |
| Factors of Production | Land, Labor, and Capital are the _____ __ _____ that Britain had. |
| Factories | Large buildings in which machinery is used to manufacture goods. |
Combine with other sets
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