| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Produce Oxygen, build soil, hold soil, hold water, moderate climate | ecosystem services that plants provide |
| sugars and oils produced by photosynthesis | what is the most important ecosystem service provided by plants involving food |
| herbivores | plant eaters |
| carnivores | meat eaters |
| omnivores | all eaters |
| carbon cycle | green plants are the key to the ____ _____ on continents |
| artificial selection | actively selecting individuals with largest and most nutritious seeds or leaves whcich gradually changes characteristics of several wild species |
| examples of plants providing human resources | Coal formed by partially decayed plant material compacted over time, cotton for standard fabrics, woody plants for houses and furniture, medicinal plants |
| Coleochaetophyceae, Charaphyceae | the two most similar green algal groups to land plants |
| multicellular, live in freshwater | why are the two coleochaetes and stoneworts algal groups most similar to land plants? |
| nonvascular, seedless vascular, seed (plants) | Three categories of land plant phyla |
| Nonvascular plants | Based on morphology, this category of land plant phyla LACK VASCULAR TISSUE, abundant in SMALL CLOSE TO GROUND habitats |
| Vascular tissue | specialized groups of cells that conduct water or nutrients from one part of plant body to another |
| Seed | embryo and store of nutritive tissue |
| Gymnosperms | "naked-seeds" cycads, ginkgos, gnetophytes, pines, conifers; SEEDS DON'T DEVELOP ENCLOSED structure |
| Angiosperms | "Encased-seeds" seeds develop inside a protective structures called CARPEL |
| Cuticle | sheets of waxy coating, watertight barrier helps resist drying |
| Spores | reproductive cells in plants |
| Seedless vascular plants | do not make seed, relatively small, LYCOPHYTA, PSILOPHYTA, SPENOPHYTA, PTERIDOPHYTA |
| Seed plants | have vascular tissue, make seeds (gymnosperms, angiosperms), Cycadophyta, ginkgophyta, gnetophyta, pinophyta, conifers, anthophyta |
| sporopollenin | water tight material that encases spores and pollen from modern plants helps resist drying, |
| sporangium | spore-producing structures similar to sporangia in today's liverworts |
| green algae, nonvascular, seedless, seed | What are the intervals in the fossil history of plants according to the fossil record? |
| less | are organisms in the late fossil record more or less dependent on moist habitats than the earlier groups? |
| Charaphyceae | What green algal group is the sister group to land plants? |
| YES, paraphyletic | Are green plants monophyletic? Are green algae monopyletic or paraphyletic? |
| monophyletic | are land plants monophyletic or paraphyletic |
| prevention of water loss from cells, transportation of water from tissue to tissue | Natural selection favored early land plants with what two adaptations that solved the water problem? |
| Cuticle | what waxy watertight sealant that covers the aboveground parts of plants made the transition to land possible for plants |
| stoma | how did modern plants solve the problem CO2 not coming through the waxy surface of the cuticle |
| stoma | what is the "mouth" structure that consists of an opening surrounded by guard cells that opens and closes to allow CO2 in but not out |
| sprawling-growth | the first type of land plants that were small or low on the ground because the plants lacked structural support to stand erect in air |
| Lignin | complex polymer strong for its weight and effective in resisting gravity, allowed plants to grow erect |
| Cuticle, stomata, vascular tissue | evolution of these three made it possible for plants to avoid drying out |
| complex gamete structures, embryo retained on mother and nourished by it | two innovations allowed land plants to efficiently reproduce in a dry environment |
| gametangia | specialized reproductive organs that protected gametes from drying and from mechanical damag |
| gametangia | what is found in all land plants living today except angiosperms? |
| antheridium | gametangia that is sperm producing |
| archegonium | gametangia that is egg producing |
| green algae | in contrast to zygotes of _____ ______ the zygotes of land plants develop on the parent plant and receive all their nutrients from it |
| alternation of generations | multicellular haploid phase and multicellular diploid phase |
| gametophyte | multicellular haploid phase, produce gametes by mitosis |
| sporophyte | multicellular diploid phase, produces spores by meiosis |
| gametophyte-dominant | life cycle dominant in mosses and nonvascular plants |
| sporophyte-dominant | life cycle dominant in ferns and other vascular plants |
| gd to sdWas the transition from gametophyte dominant to sporophyte dominant or vice versa? | Was the transition from gametophyte dominant to sporophyte dominant or vice versa? |
| heterospory | production of two distinct types of spore producing structures TWO TYPES OF SPORES |
| homosporous | ONE TYPE OF SPORE in most nonvascular plants and most of the seedless vascular plants |
| vessels, flowers, fruits | the diversification of angiosperms is associated with these THREE key adaptations |
| pollen | what evolved to allow heterosporous plants to lose their dependence on water to accomplish fertilization |
| flowers, fruits | evolution of _____ made efficient POLLINATION possible while evolution of ___ made efficient SEED dispersal possible |
Combine with other sets
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