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Great Migration When many Native's migrated to America over the land bridge that is now the Bering Strait. These people were the first to settle in America. Ice Age The period of time when the earth was colder and glaciers covered much of the land. The Ice Age was important because it allowed a land bridge to form which gave early humans access to North America. Bering Strait Land Bridge a land bridge between Russia and Alaska that formed during the Ice Age. This allowed a group of natives to cross over and populate the Americas. Vikings First European people known to have visited the Americas Sagas Heroic stories of the Vikings, how we know the Viks visited America Fuedal System European Fuedal System- Serf-Lord-Noble-King Serf (Middle Ages) a person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord. Noble The class of wealthy landowners of various ranks below king and above lord. Crusades a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims Holy Land Where Christians and Jews worship, now Palestine. Islam the religion of Muslims collectively which governs their civilization and way of life Christianity a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior Commercial Revolution the expansion of the trade and buisness that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries. Compass navigational instrument for finding directions Astrolabe instrument used to determine latitude Middlemen traders who bought goods from producers and then sold them to other traders or consumers Geography the study of the earth's surface, climate, continents, countries, peoples, industries, and products. Navigation the science of sailing ships San Salvador the island Columbus first reached Line of Demarcation imaginarry north to south line runnig down the middle of the atlantic and granted spain the west of the line and portugal the east New World What Europe called what is now North America before Amerigo Vespucci named it Circumnavigate travel all the way around the earth Isthmus narrow stretch of land connecting two larger land areas Strait a narrow passage of water connecting two large bodies of water Columbian Exchange The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. Eric the Red (Eric the Ginga) was a Viking who found and named Greenland. Even thought this was a cold land Eric the Red named it Greenland to encourage people to come to this area to settle. Pope Urban II (The DUECE) pope who called for the first crusade to reclaim Jerusalem from the Muslims Marco Polo Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade. Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation + geography and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa. Christopher Columbus Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to the Indies. Queen Isabella of Spain She agreed to pay for columbus's voyage Bartolomeu Dias Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean. Vasco de Gama Portugese navigator who sailed from Portugal to India Ferdinand Magellan Portuguese explorer who reached the Philippines and circumnavigated the world El Cano After Magellan was killed, finished the circumnavigation. Cortez Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547) Montezuma King of the Aztecs who could not resist Cortez Pizarro Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541) Aztecs The Azetcs were a Native American Empire who lived in Mexico. Their capital was Tenochtitlan. They worshipped everything around them especially the sun. Cortes conquered them in 1521. Incas Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire. Marco Polo Venetian traveler who explored Asia in the 13th century and served Kublai Khan (1254-1324)