MTERM1_2
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80 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 The science of the interaction between atoms and molecules is called | chemistry |
| The use of microbes to remove an environmental pollutant | bioremediation |
| Bacteria degrade organic matter in sewage. | bioremediation |
| Bacteria degrade or detoxify pollutants such as oil and mercury. | bioremediation |
| The process of making or breaking bonds between atoms. | chemical reaction |
| A chemical reaction that absorbs more energy than it releases is called an | endergonic reaction |
| meaning that energy is directed inward | endergonic reaction |
| chemical reaction that releases more energy than it absorbs is called an | exergonic reaction |
| meaning that energy is directed outward. | exergonic reaction |
| When two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules, the reaction is called a | synthesis reaction |
| A + B => AB | synthesis reaction |
| All synthesis reactions in a living organism; the building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones. | anabolism |
| is the synthesis of molecules in a cell. | anabolism |
| Occur when a molecule is split into smaller molecules, ions, or atoms. | Decomposition Reactions |
| AB => A + B | Decomposition Reactions |
| the decomposition reactions in a cell | Catabolism |
| All decomposition reactions in a living organism; the breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler ones. | Catabolism |
| A molecule that contains carbon and hydrogen. | organic compound |
| A small molecule that does not contain carbon and hydrogen | inorganic compound |
| An arrangement of atoms in an organic molecular that is responsible for most of the chemical properties of that molecule. | functional group |
| A large organic molecule. | macromolecule |
| A small molecule that collectively combines to form polymers. | monomer |
| A simple sugar consisting of 3-7 carbon atoms. | monosaccharide |
| A sugar consisting of two simple sugars, or monosaccharides | disaccharide |
| A carbohydrate consisting of 8 or more monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis. | polysaccharide |
| can be broken down by hydrolysis. | Disaccharides |
| a polymer of two sugars repeating many times. | Chitin |
| A type of polymers of glucose that are covalently bonded differently.. Used in beer | Starch |
| Are the primary components of cell membranes. | Lipids |
| Consist of C, H, and O. | Lipids |
| Are non-polar and insoluble in water. | Lipids |
| Simple Lipids Called fats | triglycerides |
| contain glycerol and fatty acids; formed by dehydration synthesis | triglycerides; |
| Unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds in the fatty acids. | triglycerides |
| A simple lipid consisting of glycerol and three fatty acids. | triglycerides |
| Are essential in cell structure and function. | Proteins |
| Consist of subunits called amino acids. | Proteins |
| Enzymes are ______ that speed chemical reactions. | proteins |
| Transporter _____ move chemicals across membranes. | proteins |
| Flagella are made of | proteins |
| Some bacterial toxins are | proteins |
| between amino acids are formed by dehydration synthesis. | Peptide Bonds |
| A bond joining the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of a second amino acid with the loss of a water molecule. | Peptide Bonds |
| A macromolecule consisting of nucleotides; DNA and RNA are nucleic acids. | nucleic acid |
| Has deoxyribose | DNA |
| Exists as a double helix | DNA |
| ATCG | Adenine, thymine, Cytosine, Guanine. = components of DNA |
| A hydrogen bonds with T | DNA |
| C hydrogen bonds with G | DNA |
| The class of nucleic acids that comprises messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA. | ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
| Has ribose | ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
| Is single-stranded | ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
| A hydrogen bonds with U | ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
| C hydrogen bonds with G | ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
| Has ribose, adenine, and three phosphate groups. | ATP |
| Is made by dehydration synthesis. | ATP |
| Is broken by hydrolysis to liberate useful energy for the cell. | ATP |
| Location of Phospholipid in Eukaryote | Plasma Membrane (Phospholipid bilayer) |
| Location of Phospholipid in Prokaryotes | cytoplasmic membrane same on Eurkaryote. |
| An instrument with two sets of lenses that uses visible light as the source of illumination. | compound light microscope |
| (LM) | compound light microscope (LM) |
| A microscope that uses electrons instead of light to produce an image. | electron microscope |
| A method of staining microorganisms with a single basic dye..an aqueous or alcohol solution | simple stain |
| may be used to hold the stain or coat the specimen to enlarge it. | mordant |
| chemical is added to the solution to intensify the stain; such an additive is called...example | mordant...iodine |
| A stain that distinguishes objects on the basis of reactions to the staining procedure. | differential stain |
| react differently with different kinds of bacteria and thus can be used to distinguish them. | differential stain |
| most frequently used for bacteria are the Gram stain and the acid-fast stain. | differential stain |
| The purple dye and the iodine combine in the cytoplasm of each bacterium and color it dark violet or purple | gram-positive |
| bacteria that lose the dark violet or red color after decolorization are classified as | gram-negative |
| 4 Gram Stain Procedures: | 1. Application of Crystal Violet. (Purple dye) 2. Application of Iodine (Mordant) 3. Alcohol Wash (decolorization) 4. Application of Safranin (counterstain) |
| simultaneously kills the microorganisms and fIxes them to the slide. | Fixing |
| Before the microorganisms can be stained, however, they must be | fixed |
| preserves various parts of microbes in their natural state with only minimal distortion | Fixing |
| Cells that retain a basic stain in the presence of acid-alcohol are called | Acid-Fast Stain |
| binds strongly only to bacteria that have a waxy material in their cell walls | acid-fast stain |
| identify all bacteria in the genus Mycobacterium, including the two important pathogens tuberculosis, leprosy. | acid-fast stain |
| useful for capsules. | Negative staining |
| A procedure that results in colorless bacteria against a stained background. | Negative staining |
| requires a mordant to make the flagella wide enough to see. | Flagella staining |
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