Bones and Skeletal Tissue
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Created by:
aslagle0003 on September 27, 2010
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16 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Shapes of Bones | long- a shaft and 2 ends, limbs except patella, carpals, tarsals short- cube shaped, carpals, tarsals, patella, sesamoid [vector changers in a tendon] flat- thin and flat [sometimes curved], sternum, scapula, ribs, skull [cranium parts] irregular- vertebra, pelvis, internal skull, facial bones |
| Skeletal Cartilages | skeletal cartilage-[hyaline, elastic, fibro], no innervation and avascular, covered perichondrium growth- appositional [from theperichondrium in], interstitial [from the chondrocytes out, longer] sometimes calcium deposits calcifies the cartilage |
| Functions of Bones | support- against gravity and for soft organs protection- surround vital organs movement- lever system c muscles mineral and growth factor storage blood cell formation- hematopoiesis in marrow triglyceride [fat] storage- in marrow for energy |
| Groups of Bones | 206 in 2 groups axial skeleton- skull, vertebra, and rib cage appendicular skeleton- upper/lower limbs and girdles |
| Gross Anatomy of Bone | bone markings: projections- head, trochanter, spine, tuberosity, protuberance depressions- grooves, notches openings- fossae, sinuses, foramina |
| Bone Texture | compact- outside solid layer, AKA cortical bone or the bone's cortex spongy- inside honeycomb-like layer, trabeculae [little beams] form the honeycomb walls, marrow- red [blood cells] or yellow [fat] |
| Structure of a Long Bone | divisions- diaphysis [shaft], epiphysis [hyaline cartilage covered ends of long bones], metaphysis [line where the growth plate used to be] membranes: periosteum- double layer covering the bone [except over the joint]; inside layer has osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and stem cells [become osteoblasts] endosteum- layer between spongy bone & marrow |
| Structure of Short, Irregular & Flat Bones | spongy bones sheet AKA diploe compact bone layers on both sides of spongy bone periosteum covers the compact bone red marrow- in diploe, sternum and pelvis marrow source for testing and donatins, yellow can convert to red if needed |
| Chemical Composition of Bone | organic components- cells, osteoids [proteoglycans, glycoproteins, collagen, adds flexibility and tensile strength inorganic components- mineral salts [calcium phosphates] around the collagen fibers |
| Microscopic Anatomy | 4 cells- osteogenic cells, osteoblasts- from osteogenic/osteoprogenitor cells, osteocytes, osteoclasts |
| Microscopic Anatomy | compact bone: haversian system [osteon]- columns of networks parralel w/ long bones, central canal- blood vessels and nerve, lamellae- ring channels around the central canal, lacunae- holes where the osteocytes live, canaliculi- tiny channels that connect the lamellae volkmann's canals- from the central canals toe the periosteum, interstitial lamellae- extra lamellae between osteons, circumferential lamellae- rings just beneath the periosteum that encircle all of the osteons spongy bone- the struts [2 cells thick] lie in areas of stress, less in low/no stress- osteoporosis |
| Bone Development | intramembranous ossification- bone from fibrous membranes [skull and clavicles], ossification centers form in fibrous membrane, osteoid is secreted and calcifies, woven bone and periosteum form, lamellar bone replaces woven bone and red marrow appears endochondral ossification- bone from cartilage [all other bones], bone collar forms, cartilage in the center calcifies and develops cavity, periosteal bud invades the cavity forming spongy bone, diaphysis elongates and medullary cavity forms, epiphyses ossify secondary ossification centers- continued bone formation after birth |
| Postnatal Bone Growth | length- growth moves from the growth plate toward the shaft, stops at 18 [females] and 21 [males] width- osteoblasts under the periosteum lay down new bony matrix hormone regulation- growth hormone [anterior pituitary gland], thyroid hormones controls the growth hormone activity, sex hormones stimulate growth spurts, masculinization or feminization of skeleton, epiphyseal plate closure problems- gigantism is too much growth hormone and dwarfism is too little growth hormone or thyroid hormone |
| Bone Repair | fractures- nondisplaced v. displaced, complete v. incomplete, linear v. transverse, compound v. simple types: comminuted [several pieces], spiral, depression,compressed [crushed], epiphyseal [at the growht plate], greenstick [not all the way through] |
| Bone Diseases | calcium or Vit. D deficiency- osteomalacia is softening of the bone, rickets are same as osteomalacia in kids bone resorption outpaces bone deposition- osteoporosis is lack of weight bearing exercise, decreased estrogen, decreased TSH, smoking, and diabetes |
| Bone Diseases | paget's disease- too much spongy bone compared to compact, common in spine, pelvis, femur, and skull achondroplasia- little endochondral bone growth, but membrane bone growth is ok bone spur- abnormal bone deposition in a spike shape osteomyelitis- bone infection osteosarcoma- 10-25 year olds, mets to the lung |
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