Sociology 101 chapters 1-4
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tiffneycooper on September 28, 2010
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53 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Sociology | Systematic or scientific study of human society or social behavior. |
| How is Sociology different from other social sciences? | It has its own subject matter. |
| Emily Durhiem | French sociologist and is associated with the concept of social facts. |
| Social fact | A constraint or force that impacts or puts pressure on human life. |
| Natural sciences | Knowledge of nature. |
| Mechanical sciences | Knowledge of manufactured nature. |
| Social Science | Knowledge of human nature. |
| Three Main Types Social Facts | Anatomical, institutionalized and non-instutitionalized. |
| Anatomical | Contraint of nature. |
| Institutionalized | Contraint of institutions. |
| Non-instutionalized | Social pressures. |
| Examples of Anatomical | Natural environment, food, water, land, welfare, climate, altitude. |
| Example of Institutionalized | Law, family, economy, politics, media, religion and medicine. |
| Example of Non-Institutionalized | Fads (haircuts), crazes (bubble gum), panics huge gatherings & movements of people. |
| Four characteristics of all sciences: | Objective observation, passionate practitioners, systematic research methods and measurements. |
| Theories | A coherent group of general propositions used as principles of explanation for a class of phenomena: Einstein's theory of relativity. |
| Three Main Classical theoretical traditions | Structural, Conflict and Symbolism. |
| Characteristic of Structural | This approach conceptualizes different structures in society falling apart. |
| Characteristic of Conflict | Emphasizes the view that life involves major struggles and conflicts between classes of people. |
| Characteristic of Symbolism | This approach strives to understand the understanding the meanings the motivations people have for the actions they take. |
| Three contemporary perspectives | The feminist, queer and postmodern theories. |
| Manifest function | Obvious and intended functions of events and institution society. |
| Latent Function | Non-obivous and unintended consequences of events and institutions in society. |
| Example of Manifest Function | Getting a education. |
| Example of Latent Function | Football games, joining a fraternity and homecoming. |
| Social Analyst | Analyzing society. |
| Everyday actor | One who has the practical knowledge needed to get through daily life but not necessarily the scientific or technical knowledge of how things work. |
| Theoretical perspective in sociology: | Part of mastering different theoretical perspective in sociology is learning their vocabulary. |
| Sociological imagination | A quality of the mind that allows us to understand the relationship between our particular situation in life and what is happening at a social level. |
| Four types of causal research: | Inaccurate observations, selective observations, sample bias and illogical reasoning. |
| Example of Inaccurate observations | Perspective of the world. |
| Example of selective observations | Ignoring data or findings that might change the conclusions or outcomes. |
| Example of sample bias | A faulty conclusion based on a limited or unrepresentative number cases. |
| Example of illogical reasoning | A form of reasoning or theorizing that is irrational or illogical and that does not hold up to scientific scrutiny. |
| Independent variable | Causes something to happen. |
| Dependent variable | Effects of the independent variable. |
| Example of Independent variable | Smoking. |
| Example of Dependent variable | Lung cancer. |
| Culture | Whole way of life. (values and beliefs) |
| Examples variations in culture across societies, within societies and in societies overtime: | Saudi Arabia, Nevada (prostitution), civil rights era and body rituals of the Nacermeria. |
| Two main types of culture: | Material and non-material. |
| Example of Material | Artwork, tools and machines. |
| Example of non-material | Beliefs and values. |
| Ethnocentrism | A superiority complex of the part of people who think one culture is superior then others. |
| Cultural relativism | Evaluating different cultures in terms relative to their history and society. |
| Values | Whats right and wrong for a particular group. |
| Norms | Rules or guideline regarding social behavior and based on values. |
| Main types of norms | Folkways and Mores. |
| Example of norms | Public courtesies and fidelity. |
| Positive Sanctions | (Folkways). |
| Negative Sanctions | (Mores). |
| Subculture | Groups within society that are differentiated by its distinct values and norms and lifestyles. |
| Culture wars | Clash over the values and norms that should be held. |
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