Flashcards: Pre-AP Ch. 2
All 41 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 atom | basic unit of matter |
| nucleus | center of an atom, contains protons and neutrons |
| electron | negatively charged subatomic particle located outside the nucleus. |
| element | a form of matter that contains only one kind of atom |
| isotope | atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. |
| compound | substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions |
| ionic bond | formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another |
| ion | positively or negatively charged atom |
| covalent bond | bond whose electrons are shared between atoms |
| molecule | the smallest unit of most compounds |
| van der Waals forces | a slight attraction that develops between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules |
| cohesion | an attraction between molecules of the same substance |
| adhesion | attraction between molecules of different substances |
| mixture | a material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined |
| solution | mixture where all components are evenly distributed |
| solvent | substance in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution |
| solute | substance that is dissolved in a solvent to make a solution |
| suspension | mixture of water and nondissolved materials |
| pH scale | measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution: ranges from 0-14 |
| acid | compound that forms hydrogen ions in solution |
| base | compund that produces hydroxide ions in solutions |
| buffer | weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp sudden changes in pH |
| monomer | small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers |
| polymer | large compound formed from combinations of many monomers |
| carbohydrate | key source of energy; organic compunds made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. |
| monosaccharide | single sugar molecule (monomer) |
| polysaccharide | large macromolecule formed from monosaccharides |
| lipid | macromolecules made of carbon and hydrogen, fats, oils, and waxes |
| nucleic acid | macromolecule containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus |
| nucleotide | monomer of a nucleic acid made of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base |
| ribonucleic acid | (RNA) single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose |
| deoxyribonucleic acid | (DNA) nucleic acid that contains the sugar deoxyribose |
| protein | macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair, and to make enzymes |
| amino acid | basic building block for protein compound with an amino group (−NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (−COOH) on the other end |
| chemical reaction | a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals |
| reactant | the elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction |
| product | the elements or compounds that are produced by a chemical reaction |
| activation energy | the energy that is needed to get a reaction started |
| catalyst | a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction |
| enzyme | proteins that act as a cell's biological catalysts |
| substrate | The reactants of an enzyme catalyzed reaction |
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