Film Processing
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58 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Processing | Is a series of steps that changes the latent image on the exposed film into a radiograph by producing a visible image on the film. |
| Unneccessary radiation | radiographs tht are undiagnostic because of poor processing techniques techniques must be retaken, which would expose the patient to... |
| Steps in manual | 1.development 2.rinsing 3.fixation 4.rinsing 5.drying |
| steps in automatic | 1.development 2.fixation 3. rinsing 4.drying |
| Development | 1st step in processing films, a chemical solution-developer is used,which softens the film emulsion during the process. |
| Purpose of developer | to chemically reduce the exposed silver halide crystals into black metallic silver. |
| rinsing | the film is necessary to remove the developer form the film so that the developer process stops. **a step in the manual processing, not automatic!!!! |
| fixing | the acidic solution removes that removes the unexposed silver halide crystals from the film emulsion. |
| Hardens the film emulsion during process | fixer |
| Films may be removed frm fixing solution after... for viewing | 3 minutes |
| fade and turn brown | films that are not properly fixed in a short time. |
| remove the image-from film | leaving films inthe fixer for a long time (over wknd). |
| rinsing(steps 3/4) | thoroughly removes all excess chemicals from emulsion. |
| drying | the final step in the film processing of the films. |
| before films can be handled for mounting and viewing, must be | completely dried |
| life of processing solutions depends on- | #of films, size of films, temp of solutions, accuracy of preparation, cleanliness of tank, exposure to light. |
| film processing solutions are available in these forms | powder, ready-to-use liquid, ligquid concentrate |
| maintaining fresh solutions | must be replenished daily, changed every 2to4 wks, or based on #of films(follow manufacturer's recommendations). |
| record keeping | track when solutions are changed and monthly processor are cleaned. |
| Activator (developer) | chemical-sodium carbonate/silver hydroxide. *activates developing agents/softens gel. |
| developing/reducing agent (developer) | chemical-hydroquinone elon(temperature sensitive) 68 degrees optimal. **changes exposed crystals to black metallic silver. |
| perservative (developer) | chemical-soduim sulfite. ***prevents developer from oxidizing. |
| restrainer (developer) | chemical-potassium bromide. ****stops the developer and prevents fogging. |
| fixing/clearing agent (fixer) | chemical-ammonium or sodium thiosulfate(hypo) *removes unexposed crystals. |
| preservative (fixer) | chemical-sodium sulfite. **prevents deterioration of fixing agent. |
| hardening agent (fixer) | chemical-potassium aluminum. ***shrinks and hardens gel in emulsion |
| acidifier (fixer) | chemical-acetic acid or sulfuric acid. ****neutralizes alkaline developer and stops further development. |
| Light tight | no light leaks, x-ray film is extremely sensitive to light, can cause film fog. |
| film fog | dull gray, lacks contrast, and undiagnostic. |
| room lighting | reg lighting needed for prep, etc. w/switch located on wall. |
| safelight | low-intensity light--composed of long wavelengths in red-orange of visible light spectrum. *provides light for procedures w/o exposing film. |
| blue or green | x-rays are more sensitive |
| yellow-red | x-rays are least sensitive. |
| safelight lamp (panoramic) | uses low 7 1/2 watt bulb |
| safelight lamp (intraoral films) | uses 15 watt bulb |
| safelight filter | over lamp removes blue-green light spectrum passing through it. |
| orange filter | can be used for intaoral films, not safe for panoramic films. |
| kodak GBX-red filter | is a universal filter for intaoral and extraoral films. |
| automatic processor | automates all film processing steps. -uses specialized chemicals, operates at 85 - 100 degrees, increased quality control, decreased processing time, -increased volumes of film can be processed. |
| 1. develop (manual process steps) | time determined by temp. 5min @68 degrees. *need a thermometer and check chart. |
| 2. rinse (manual processing steps) | 20 seconds-remove developer **need a timer. |
| 3. fix | 10 minutes OR 2times the developing time. |
| 4. wash | 20minutes--remove fixer. |
| 5. dry | clip films on drying rack and air dry. |
| total time of manual processing steps. | about 1 hour |
| rapid developing | uses stronger soloutions--used for endodontics and oral surgery. **1minute @ 92 degrees. |
| minimum of 4ft. | distance safelight must be from working area and film |
| 2-3 minutes. | limited amount of time unwrapped films should not be exposed to the safe light--which will appear fogged. |
| processing tank | divided into two compartments to hold the developer, fixer, and water. |
| components of auto processor | -processor housing, -film feed slot, -film roll transport, -developer compartment, -fixer compartment, -water compartment, -drying chamber, -film recovery slot, -replenisher pump(HSC unit). |
| chemical contaminations | developer spots, fixer spots, and yellow-brown stains. |
| developer spots | --dark, *developer contacts film before processing. |
| fixer spots | --light, **fixer contacts film before processing. |
| yellow-brown stains | **exhausted developer or fixer. --solutions too cool for insufficient time in solutions. |
| film handling errors | -developer cut off, -fixer cut off, -overlapped films(HSC)(DA-2 films in slot), -air bubbles(M), -fingernail artifact, -scratchd film, -static electricity (M) |
| lighting errors | light leak, and fogged film |
| light leak(lighting errors) | darkroom & lab-hands in and out of processor. |
| fogged film(lighting errors) | -improper safelight, -light leaks in darkroom, -outdated film, -improper film storage, - contaminated solutions(fixer into developer), -high developer temperature. |
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