Midterm

Terms	Definitions
Active Transport	Transport of materials across the plasma membrane in which energy is expended.
Cell Wall	A relatively thick layer of material that forms the periphery of plant, bacterial, and fungal cells
Cell membrane	a thin membrane around the cytoplasm of a cell. Ex. controls passage of substances in and out of the cell
Crenate	cells that lose water will have less cytoplasm and will shrivel
Cytoplasm	The region of a cell inside the plasma membrame and outside the nucleus. Usually this aregion is filled with the jelly-like cytosol containing the cell's extranuclear organelles
Chlorplast	The organelle within plant and algae cells that is the site of photosynthesis.
Constants	variables that do not change in an experiment
Cell Respiration	The three-state, oxygen-dependent harvesting of energy that goes on in most cells. The three stages are glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transort chain.
Diffussion	The movement of molecules or ions from areas of their higher concentration to areas of their lower concentration. Over time, the random movement of molecules will result in the even distribution of the material.
Eukaryote	any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus. The eukaryotic cell has a nuclear membrane that surrounds the nucleus, in which the well-defined chromosomes (bodies containing the hereditary material) are located. Eukaryotic cells also contain organelles, including mitochondria (cellular energy exchangers), a Golgi apparatus (secretory device), an endoplasmic reticulum (a canal-like system of membranes within the cell), and lysosomes (digestive apparatus within many cell types).
Endocytosis	The process by which cells bring relatively large materials into themselves through use of transport vesicles.
Exocytosis	The means by which relatively large volumes of material are moved from the inside of a cell to the outside. In exocytosis, a transport vesicle fuses with a cell's plasma membrane, after which the contents of the vesicle are ejected outside the cell.
Endoplasmic reticulum	a system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids
Golgi Appatatus	Structure in cytoplasm: a membranous structure in the cytoplasm of cells consisting of layers of flattened sacs and functioning in the processing and transporting of proteins.
Gas	The state of matter distinguished from the solid and liquid states by: relatively low density and viscosity. Ex. relatively great expansion and contraction with changes in pressure and temperature; the ability to diffuse readily; and the spontaneous tendency. Matter that does not have a definite shape or volume.
Gram	a metric unit of weight equal to one thousandth of a kilogram. basic unit of mass.
ETC	A series of proteins in which the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP.
Glycolysis	The first stage of cellular respiration, occuring in the cytosol. For some organisma, glycolysis is the sole means of extracting some energy and a necessary precursor to the other two stages of cellular respiration, the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain.
Guard cells	Specialized cells that control the opening and closing of stomata in response to changes in water pressure.
Hypertonic solutions	contain a higher solute concentration than is present in cells. when cells are exposed to these solutions, water leaves the cell, causing the cells to shrink.
Hypotonic solution	in cells, solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances is lower in the solution outside the cell than the concentration inside the cell; causes a cell to swell and possibly burst as water enters the cell
Hypothesis	Possible explanation for a set of observations or possible answer to a scientific question. A tentative, testable explanation of an observed phenomenon.
Dependent variable	Factor that is being measured during an experiment. Variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment.
Independent variable	Factor in an experiment that researchers manipulate so that they can determine its effect. The variable you change to see how it will affect the dependent variable.
Isotonic solutions	Contains the same concentration as the solute and the solvent; means same solutes. Same solute/water concentration as inside the cell.
Kreb's cycle/citric acid cycle	The second stage of cellular respiration, occurring in the inner compartment of mitochondria. The Krebs cycle is the major source of electrons that power the third stage of respiration, the electron transport chain. Also known as the citric acid cycle.
Mitochondria	Organelles that are the primary sites of energy conversion within eukaryotic cells.
Light dependent reactions	Phase of photosynthesis where light energy is converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP; results in the splitting of water and release of oxygen.
Light Independent reactions	A set of photosynthetic reactions that does not directly require solar energy; it uses the products of the light-dependent reactions to reduce carbon dioxide to a carbohydrate.
Liter	Basic unit of volume in the metric system. The basic metric unit used for measuring the volumes of liquids and gases.
Liquid	A substance in the fluid state of matter having no fixed shape but a fixed volume. A state of matter that has no definite shape but has a definite volume.
Lysosomes	An organelle found in animal cells that digests worn-out cellular materials and foreign materials that enter the cell. Small organelles filled with enzymes; one function is to break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins from food particles; may also break down old cell parts.
Lyse	The death of a cell by bursting. To split; cause or undergo cell destruction. To undergo or cause to undergo lysis - (lysis is death of a cell by breaking of the cellular membrane, often by viral or osmotic mechanisms that compromise its itegrity).
Nucleus	A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction. A membrane-lined compartment that encloses the primary complement of DNA in eukaryotic cells.
Microscope	Device that produces magnified images of structures that are too small to see with the unaided eye.
Meter	Basic unit of length in the metric system. A metric unit to measure length or distance (it's about the same as a yard).
Prokaryote	A single-celled organism whose complement of DNA is not contained within a nucleus. A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. A single-celled organism that does not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles; examples are archaea and bacteria.
Passive transport	The transport of materials across the cell's plasma membrane that involves no expenditure of energy. Simple and facilitated diffusion are examples of passive transport.
Pinocytosis	The movement of relatively large materials into a cell by means of the creation of transort vesicles that are produced through an invagination of the plasma membrane. One of two primary forms of endocytosis, the other being phagocytosis.
Phagocytosis	Cell eating. The movement of large materials into a cell by means of wrapping extensions of the plasma membrane around the materials and fusing the extensions together. One of two primary forms of endocytosis, the other being pinocytosis.
Photosynthesis	The process by which certain groups of organisms capture energy from sunlight and convert this solar energy into chemical energy that is initially stored in a carbohydrate.
Osmosis	The net movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration. Diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal.
Ribosomes	An organelle, located in the cell's cytoplasm, that is the site of protein synthesis. The translation phase of protein synthesis takes place within ribosomes. Non membrane bounded organelles responsible for protein synthesis.
Stomata	Microscopic ores, found in greatest abundance on the undersides of leaves, that allow plants to exchange gases with the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide moves into plants through the stomata, while oxygen and water vapor move out. Pore-like openings in leaves that allow gases (CO2 and O2) and water to diffuse in and out of the leaves.
Solid	Entirely of one substance with no holes inside. Of definite shape and volume. Ex. firm; neither liquid nor gaseous; "ice is water in the solid state".
Solute	The dissolved substance in a solution. The substance being dissolved by a solvent to form a solution. For example, sugar is the solute in the sugar-water nectar you put in your hummingbird feeder.
Solvent	The substance in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution. In an aqueous solution, the solvent is water.
Solution	A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. In biology, solutions often consist of a solute dissolved in water, which produces an aqueous solution.
Vacuoles	Saclike structures that store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates. Liquid-filled spaces in the cytoplasm. Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.
List and describe the steps of the scientific method in order	1. State the question 2. research your question 3. form a hypothesis 4. perform experiments to test your hypothesis 5. record and analyze the data (collected while experimenting) 6. state the conclusion (saying whether your hypothesis was correct or not 7. repeat all of the work
Recite the balanced equation for photosynthesis.	6CO 2 + 6H 2 O -----> C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Sunlight energy. The overall chemical reaction for photosynthesis is: 6CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6H2O (water) + light energy --> C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 (oxygen) The first answer is for photosynthesis, while the second is respiration, the opposite of photosynthesis. 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O
Name the reactants and products in photosynthesis	12 water molecules and 6 carbon dioxide molecules are the reactants. 6 oxygen molecules, 1 glucose molecule, and 6 water molecules are the products.
Name 5 characteristics of life	energy organization of cells adjust to changes growth reproduction

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