Cell, Member Transport, DNA/ Protien Test 2
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103 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 The cell is the basic _____ of living things. | UNIT |
| Made up mostly of phospolipids | Membrane |
| Used during Mitosis | Centrioles |
| Produces Energy | Mitochondria |
| Packages cell products for release | Golgi Apparatus |
| Sac of digestive enzymes | Lyosome |
| Halls or tunnels throughout cyoplasm | Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| Powerhouse | Mitochondria |
| Is there a cell wall on cells of your body? | No- cell wall are not found in animals |
| All cells have only one nucleus TRUE or FALSE | False-- Heart, Liver cells and Urinary cells have more than one nucleus. |
| Example of Hypertonic Solution- | Concentrated Sugar solution |
| Example of Hypotonic Solution- | Distilled Water |
| Active Transport | Carrier molecules are required for which type of transport across the cell membrane? |
| Diffusion, molecules always move from areas of _______ concentration to area of _______ concentration. | High to Low |
| Osmosis means the movement of _________ from _________ to ____________. | water from high concentrated of water to a low concentrated of water. |
| If a virus were to enter a cell and destroy its centrosomes, how would the cell be affected? | It would be unable to undergo mitosis. |
| What are the two major types of nucleic acids | DNA and RNA |
| Where is DNA found? | Mostly in the Nucleus, some in the Mitochondria |
| What does DNA stand for? | Deoxyribonucleic Acid |
| DNA structure if a __________ ________. | Double Helix |
| Bonding between bases in DNA is always Cytosine with ___________ and thymine with ____________. | Guanine, Adenine |
| Osmosis | Invoves movement of water only. |
| Diffusion | A simple scattering or spreading. Movement of solvent and/ or particles |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Involves the use of a carrier molecule but no energy. |
| Active Transport | Moves substance against the concentration gradient. Is physiological- requires life. |
| Filtration | Movement because of hydrostatic pressure difference. Gravity can cause this. Sorting by size through pores. |
| Eukaryotic | "TRUE nucleus" membrane bound |
| Prokaryotic | NO membrane bound |
| Three basic Structures of the Cell | Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasm, and Nucleus |
| Plasma Membrane | boundary of the cell |
| Cytoplasm | contains all the organelles |
| Nucleus | contains genetic material |
| Plasma Membrane | Phosphlipid bilayer, Semipermeable, and fluid- mosaic model |
| Ribosomes | Made in nucleolus Made of RNA Protein Synthesis |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | Network in the cytoplasm Rough ER Smooth ER |
| Rough ER | protiens |
| Smooth ER | Lipids |
| Golgi | Cisternae "Warehouse" Storage& Packaging of cell products |
| Mitochondrion | "Power Plant" Cristae- where ATP (energy) is made have own DNA & RNA makes their own enzyemes |
| Microfilaments | Muscles |
| Intermediate Filament | Bones |
| Microtubule | Transport and movement |
| Cell Fibers | Microfilament, Intermediate Filament, and Microtubule |
| Microvilli | Tubular extensions of the plasma membrane; contains a bunble of actin filaments- increase surface area for absorptions. |
| Cilia | Moves substance across the cell surface |
| Flagella | only in humans in the sprem tall propel the cell |
| Cytoskeleton | like your skeleton- supports the cell- gives the cell its shape |
| Cristae | Double membrane with folds |
| Secretory Vesicles | sacs filled with cell product that move them out of the cell. |
| Peroxisomes | detoxification of the cell |
| Passive Transport | Moving from HIGH to LOW- down the gradient NO ATP required |
| Active Transport | Moving from LOW to HIGH- up of against the gradient ATP is required |
| Solute Pumping | Moving solutes across membrane using membrane proteins 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in |
| Bulk Transport | Moving substances across the membrane using vesicles |
| Exocytosis | Moving substance out of the cell |
| Endocytosis | Moving substance into the cell |
| Pinocytosis | Cell "drinking" |
| Phagocytosis | Cell "eating" |
| DNA | Deoxyribose |
| Four nitrogenous bases for DNA | Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine |
| Purine for DNA | Adenine and Guanine |
| Pyrimidines for DNA | Cytosine and Thymine |
| A human somatic cell contains genetic information | half from each parent |
| Human sex cells contain a total of ______ chromosomes | 23 |
| Once fertilized, the zygote, a single cell begins to multiply. The complete set of genetic information ____ must be replicated and passed on to all future cells | 46 |
| Breaks apart the two strands- replication fork | DNA helicase |
| Bind complementary DNA nucleotides to two strands | DNA polymerase |
| Double strands are formed | 1/2 new and 1/2 old |
| Histone | Double helix wraps around 8 proteins called _______ to make nucleosome. |
| Chromatin | forms a supercoil. |
| Chromosome | The supercoil then arranges into the X-Shaped _____________ just before cell division. |
| Nucleus | DNA codes for everything made by the cell and is housed in the _____________. |
| Ribosomes make | Proteins |
| Proteins are made of | amino acids |
| Form between amino acids | Peptide Bonds. |
| Ribosomes are found on | Nuclear envelope, on the Rough ER, and free in the Cytoplasm |
| Transcription | copying the gene from DNA by making complementary messenger RNA. |
| Translation | ribosomal RNA subunits come together aound mRNA to "read" the code and determine what amino acids are needed. |
| Transfer RNA | carries amino acids to rRNA/mRNA. The tRNA anticodon binds to the mRNA codon to "deliver"correct amino acids. The process continues until all amino acids are delivered and final STOP codon is read. |
| DNA Helicase | unzips a portion of the DNA |
| RNA Polymerase | binds complementary RNA nucleotides to DNA sense strand. |
| AUG | begins amino acid delivery |
| tRNA | delivers amino acids |
| 5' to 3' | The DNA is always read from: |
| Codon | The three- base sequence on a messenger RNA molecule that provides the genetic information used in protein synthesis; code for given amino acid |
| Anticodon | The three- base sequence complementary to the messenger RNA codon. |
| ATP | energy |
| Mitosis | Produces two daughter (indentical)cells. GROWTH, MAINTAINCE, REPAIR- 46 chromosome |
| Meiosis | creat 4 genetic different in the body--sex cells- 23 chromosomes |
| 4 classes of Biomolecules | Carbohydrates, Protein, Lipids, Nucleic Acids |
| Carbohydrates | Simple and Complex |
| Simple Carbohydrates | - just a few carbon Monosaccharides, Pentose, Hexose, Disaccharides |
| Pentose | 5C- ribose(RNA), deoxyribose(DNA) |
| Hexose | 6C- glucose, galactose, fructose |
| Disaccharides | maltose, lactose, sucrose |
| Complex Carbohydrates | - long chains of carbons starch, glycogen, cellulose |
| Starch | plant energy storage |
| Glycogen | animal energy storage ( muscle and liver) |
| Cellulose | plant sturcture |
| Protein | serve many purposes in our bodies. They protect us in the form of antibodies. They move to allow our muscles to contract. They are the gates into and out of our cells. |
| Essential | we must ingest 8 of proteins and we call them ____________ amino acids. |
| Peptide Bonds | form betweenamino acids through dehydration synthesisto form polypeptide chains. |
| 50 to 2000 | Proteins are made of polypeptide chains that consist of _________ amino acids |
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