3.1.0_ResAnt_pt2
About this set
Created by:
SweetpeaKnight on September 30, 2010
Log in to favorite or report as inappropriate.
Order by
86 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Epithelial lining keeps tissue | moist thru secretions |
| Surface tension | exists due to attraction of molecules for one another |
| The force causes liquid lining to behave like stretched | elastic, it tries to shorten and resist further stretching. |
| Thorax houses-4- | lungs, heart, great blood vessels, esophagus. |
| Lungs location | thoratic cavity |
| lungs | 2 irregularly cone-shaped structures--composed of spongy, porous, highly elastic material. |
| When handled in a cadaver, sound like | crumpled tissue paper(due to presence of air within the alveoli). |
| lung color | White in color at birth, become progressively darker.* |
| R lung larger, but shorter and broader | (due to liver occupying R abdominal cavity forcing dome of diaphragm higher on R side). |
| lungs | Contains few muscle fibers. |
| The Pleurae | (a) provides friction-free lung and thoracic surfaces. |
| Lungs have tendency to collapse and pull away from thoracic walls due to: | (a) inherent elasticity of lung tissue+ (b) surface tension in fluid lining alveoli produces tendency to collapse. |
| lung surfaces are held tightly in contact with inner surface of thoracic walls. | Through pleural linkage (by pleural membranes--negative pressure created in intrapleural spaces by absorption of gases and fluids and bound by intrapleural fluid pressure) to thoracic walls, |
| Principle framework of respiration | spinal or vertebral column Ribs Pectoral girdle Sternum Pelvic girdle |
| Spinal column: | 32-33 vertebrae joined together by intervertebral cartilage and ligaments |
| ligaments | (fibrous connective tissue which connects bones or holds organs in place). |
| Types of spinal vertebrae | 7 cervical (cervix = neck) 12 thoracic (chest) 5 lumbar (loin) 5 sacral (sacred)--fit together, appear to be one bone called sacrum 3-4 coccygeal |
| Types of vertebra | cervical, thoratic, lumbar |
| Atlas (C1) = | skull rests on |
| types of cervical | Atlas, Axis, C7 |
| Axis | = forms pivot @ which altas and skull rotate--landmark dens (tooth) or odontoid (toothlike) process--is projecting cranially |
| C7 | conspicuous spinous process which can usually be palpated at base of neck |
| thoracic vertebrae: | provide pts. of attachment for ribs--increase in size from T1 to T12 |
| lumbar vert. = | very lg.--Wt. bearing function |
| Spinal curves | discs which are between vertebrae in the cervical and lumbar regions are thicker anteriorly than posteriorly, creating concave curvature of the spine in those areas. |
| thoracic curve region, | discs are same thickness, however, bodies of vertebrae are slightly thinner in front than in back creating a convex curvature. |
| kyphosis: | hunchback--increased convex curvature in thoracic verte.--sometimes caused by tuberculosis in vertebral bodies, bodies become eroded, weakened, and distorted by wt. of body. Poor posture and m. imbalance may also be contributing factors. |
| Kyphosis | can inhibit rib cage movement and reduce pulmonary compliance. |
| lordosis: | swayback--caused by TB, poor posture, or prolonged wearing of excessively high heels. |
| scoliosis: | abnormal lateral curvature--caused by muscle imbalance, poor posture, diet, paralysis. |
| spina bifida: f | ailure of neural arch to fuse as embryo develops results in cord being exposed--may or may not protrude through opening. Lumbar portion is chiefly involved. |
| spina bifida causes: | Causes- Genetics, lack of folic acid, obesity (poor diet or diabetes), diabetes (need to control blood sugar level) |
| Sternum or --3 parts: | breastbonemanubruium (handle), body, xiphoid process (sword) |
| manubrium: | articulates with clavicle (collarbone) and with 1st costal cartilages of ribs |
| The rib cage = | 12 pair of ribs--ribs designated by numbers--First 7 ribs course obliquely downward from the vertebral column (in infant ribs are more horizontal). At their lowest pt., the osseous ribs give way to costal cartilages which course upward to articulate with the sternum. In old age, the cartilages ossify superficially, reducing the compliance of the rib cage.* |
| ribs | First 7 ribs articulate with sternum |
| 3 rib pairs (8, 9, 10) are connected i | indirectly with sternum by long costal cartilages = false ribs or vertebrochondral ribs (chrondral = pertaining to cartilage) |
| long costal cartilages | = false ribs or vertebrochondral ribs (chrondral = pertaining to cartilage) |
| ribMovements in breathing | During inhalation, the dimensions of the thoracic cavity increases in 3 planes: vertically (diaphragm contracts), transverse (raising of curved ribs), anteroposterior (simultaneous forward and upward movement of sternum) |
| hip bone (or coxal bone), sacrum and coccyx | Pelvic girdle: |
| Pelvic girdleFunction for speech = | abdominal wall muscles attach to hip bone and pelvis is "floor" for abdominal viscera. |
| Muscles of inhalation are mainly in the__ ; muscles of exhalation primarily in __ | thorax; abdomen. |
| Muscles of thorax: -6 | (A) diaphragm (B) external intercostals (C) internal intercostals (D) transversus thoracis (E) costal elevators, and (F) serratus(sawlike) posterior, superior, and inferior |
| Diaphragm: | (means = partition, wall, barrier). It is the main muscle for breathing (inspiration). |
| Separates thorax (lungs, heart, structures in mediastinum) from abdomen (filled with digestive tract). | Diaphragm |
| Thin but very strong Dome-shaped, like inverted bowl May be most important muscle in body next to heart. | Diaphragm |
| Unpaired muscle | Diaphragm |
| When we exhale, | the diaphragm moves upward (relaxes), forcing the chest cavity to get smaller and pushing the gases in the lungs up and out of the nose and mouth. |
| When we inhale, | the diaphragm moves downward toward the abdomen, and the rib muscles pull the ribs upward and outward, enlarging the chest cavity and pulling air in through the nose or mouth. |
| Air pressure: in the chest cavity and lungs is | reduced, and because gas flows from high pressure to low, air from the environment flows through the nose or mouth into the lungs. As we exhale, the diaphragm moves upward and the chest wall muscles relax, causing the chest cavity to contract. Air pressure in the lungs rises, so air flows from the lungs and up and out of respiratory system through the nose or mouth. |
| External Intercostal muscles: | More prominent and stronger than internal intercostals |
| External Intercostal muscles: | 11 in number |
| External Intercostal muscles: | Course downward and laterally, in anterior course downward and medially--terminate near chondro-osseous union of ribs and cartilage |
| External Intercostal muscles: | ACTIONS= elevate rib below, thus increasing the anteroposterior and transverse dimensions, during inspiration. They tense rib interspaces, preventing them from being sucked inward during inspiration. |
| External Intercostal muscles: | Are inactive during expiration on quiet breathing, however, are active during forced exhalation. |
| External Intercostal muscles: | Conclusion: They are active mainly during inspiration. |
| Internal Intercostal muscles | lie deep to external 11 |
| Internal Intercostal muscles | ourse from anterior limits of intercostal space (immediately lateral to the sternum) to angle of rib posteriorly (pt. where rib abruptly changes direction). Course of internal intercostals is downward and laterally (just opposite to external intercostals). |
| Internal Intercostal muscles | rea lateral to vertebral column is devoid of internal intercostals and the area lateral to the sternum is devoid of external intercostals. |
| Internal Intercostal muscles | ntercartilaginous portion = inspiratory in function (elevating ribs, especially during forced inspiration). Interosseous portion= pull ribs downward and stiffen rib interspaces--aids in exhalation--probably active during speech production. - Involved in expiration especially for speech |
| Intercostal muscles | are major contributors to inspiration. |
| Intercostal muscles | One can still produce an adequate level of pulmonary ventilation with just intercostal muscles, if the diaphragm is paralyzed. |
| Intercostal muscles | In general, they produce rib movements during inhalation, and contribute to the rigidity of the thoracic wall by preventing intercostal spaces from being pulled in and out during breathing. Also help control the amount of space between ribs; and they couple ribs, one to another, so that movement of one rib will influence position of adjacent ribs. |
| Transversus Thoracis muscles (deep to intercostals) | Located on inner surface of anterior thoracic wall. Originate from posterior body of sternum & post. surface of xiphoid process & post. surfaces of chrondral portions or ribs 5 - 7. Insert into lower borders and inner surfaces of ribs 2-6. |
| Transversus Thoracis muscles | ACTION: Depress ribs to aid in exhalation |
| Sternocleidomastoid | Sterno(sterum)cleido(clavical)mastoi(behind ear)d and scalenes [means "uneven"] |
| Sternocleidomastoid | originates from 2 heads— sternal head= anterior surface of manubrium of sternum; clavicular head= superior surface of sternal end of clavicle--fibers course upward, 2 heads unite. |
| Sternocleidomastoid | Inserts as single m. into mastoid process of temporal bone |
| Sternocleidomastoid | ACTION: unilateral contraction= draws side of head toward shoulder and rotates it. Bilateral contraction tends to flex neck toward thorax. When head in fixed position, muscle may raise sternum and clavicle to assist in inhalation (increases anteroposterior dimension of thorax). |
| Scalene muscles: | Origin= transverse processes of cervical vertebrae to insertion on two uppermost ribs |
| Scalene muscles: | CLINICAL NOTE: excessive use of the neck musculature is freq. in patients with chronic lung disease. Pronounced use of upper thoracic and neck muscular during inhalation is termed clavicular breathing, and usually regarded as inefficient and undesirable. May be used as compensation in patients. with paralysis of principle breathing muscles. |
| Scalene muscles: | ACTION: supplementary m. of inhalation-raise first two ribs. |
| muscles of neck | scalene,Sternocleidomastoid, |
| Abdominal muscles are | flexors of the vertebral column & enclose and lend support to abdominal contents. |
| Abdominal muscle | RESPIRATORY FUNCTION = may limit the depth of inspiration, and are active in forced exhalation. |
| External oblique: | most superficial of abdominal muscles |
| External oblique: | Origin = exterior surfaces of ribs 5-12. Course medially and downward. Insert on iliac crest. Largest and strongest of abdominal muscles. |
| External oblique: | ACTION: compresses abdominal contents, thus raises intra-abdominal & intrathoracic pressure. Used for-3 emesis, defecation, and forced expiration. |
| Abdominal muscle | external oblique, internal oblique, Transversus Abdominis; Torso muscles |
| Internal oblique: l | ie just deep to external oblique--form middle layer of abdominal musculature. |
| Internal oblique | Course just opposite to external oblique. Arise from iliac crest, spread over lateral wall of abdomen, insert into linea (linea = stripe or streak) alba (white) (fibrous band extending from xiphoid process to pubic symphysis). |
| Internal oblique | ACTION: compress abdominal contents, assists in expelling abdominal contents and in forced exhalation. |
| Transversus Abdominis: I. | deepest abdominal m.--as name implies, course is horizontal. Arise on inner surfaces of ribs 6 - 12, and from iliac crest, and inguinal (pertaining to groin) ligament. |
| Transversus Abdominis: | nsert into abdominal aponeurosis (broad sheet of connective tissue, connecting m. to bone) |
| Transversus Abdominis: | ACTION: compresses abdominal contents--may be most effective |
| Torso muscles | (upper limb & back) |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.