Intellectual Vocabulary Unit 2
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Created by:
cahs2013 on September 30, 2010
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10th grade CAHS, Mr. Scott's English Class, CAHS
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186 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Olmes, Maya, Aztec | Olmes: Earliest known mesoamerican civilization, flourished around 1200 BC and influenced later societies in region. Maya: a member of an American Indian people of Yucatan and Belize and Guatemala who had a culture (which reached its peak between AD 300 and 900) characterized by outstanding architecture and pottery and astronomy Aztec: The Mexica; one of the nomadic tribes that used political anarchy after fall of Toltecs to penetrate into the sedentary agricultural zone of Mesoamerican plateau; established empire after 1325around shores of lake Texcoco |
| Huns | Warlike people who migrated from Eastern Europe into territory controlled by Germanic tribes, forcing them to move into areas controlled by Rome |
| Sui, Tang | Sui: dynasty that built Grand canal, repaired Great Wall, standardization of law codes; 581-618. Legalistic. Tang: dynasty that succeeded the Sui in 618 CE; more stable than previous dynasty |
| Islam | submission, the self surrender of the believer to the will of the one true god, Allah; first revelations given to the prophet Muhammad in 610 and recorded in the Quaran |
| Arabs | people that live in the Arabian peninsula and speak Arabic |
| Germanic tribes | the groups of invaders who took over the Western Roman Empire in 400s and 500s |
| Byzantine Empire | North of the Arabian empire, attacked and overcome by Muslims who were supported by the people in the Byzantine empire |
| Arabian Peninsula | a peninsula between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf; Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates |
| Bedouin | nomadic societies based on camel and goat herding in the desert of the Arabian Peninsula, found in small towns in oases, organized in kin-based clans and tribes; Bedouin clans founded Medina and Mecca |
| Mecca and Medina | founded by Bedouin tribes, main Islamic cities Mecca: in mountainous range by the Red Sea, important in Bedouin trade, founded by Umayyad clan, home of the Ka'ba and site of the annual hajj Medina: Northeast of Mecca, birthplace of the prophet Muhammad, controlled by 2 Bedouin and 3 Jewish clans |
| Muhammad | born in 570 into the Banu Hashim clan of the Quaraysh tribe, raised by uncle and taught in the ways of mercantilism by grandfather, started Islam and received the revelations recorded in the Quaran |
| Five pillars | principles that must be accepted and followed by all believers; basis for religious unity: 1) confession of faith - there is no God but Allah nad Muhammad is His prophet 2) must pray 5 times a day facing the holy city of Mecca 3) must fast during the month of Ramadan 4) must pay zakat - tithe for charity 5) must make the hajj - pilgrimage to Mecca to worship Allah and the Ka'ba |
| Abu Bakr | close merchant friend of Muhammad chosen as the caliph, ruled 632-634 |
| Umma | the community of the faithful which made some political unity, not taxed except the head tax, they were tried to keep separate from the non-believers who paid more taxes because conversion would lead to less taxes |
| Ali | 4th caliph (appointed caliph after Uthman's murder), Umayyads went to war against him and proclaimed a new caliph, challenging Ali's position Shi'i Muslims were supporters of Ali |
| Umayyad | clan of Quraysh that founded and dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islalm |
| Succession | the position of the caliphate passed on from one person to the next |
| Sunni and Shia | political and religious divisions within Islam Sunni: followers of the Umayyad Shia: followers of Ali |
| Mawali | non-Arab converts to Islam, still had to pay taxes of non Muslims, not fully accepted into the umma |
| Baghdad | capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital (Ctesiphon) |
| dhow | Arab sailboats with triangular sails; strongly influenced European ship design |
| Harun al-Rashid | son of 3rd Abbasid caliph (al-Mahdi), ruled in caliphate from 786-809; very wealthy; dependent on his advisers so advisers got more power over the caliph |
| Caliphate | the position of the political and religious successor of Muhammad, person in the position called the caliph |
| Gradual Disintegration | * |
| Civil Wars | wars fought over succession to the caliphate position |
| Buyids | regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad (945 CE); ruled Abbasid empire under name of sultan; retained Abbasids as figureheads |
| Seljuk Turks | Nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century |
| Christian Crusaders | knights from Western Europe that wanted to capture biblical holy lands in the Islamic empire, the holy land taken was divided into Christian kingdoms; first assault between 1096-1099, captured Jerusalem in 1099; a lot of influence from Islam |
| Persian | people from Persia (Persia is modern day Iran) |
| Sufis | mystics within Islam; responsible for expansion of Islam to SE Asia; used many different ways to reach union with Allah (healing, meditation, songs, drugs, dancing, etc.) |
| Ulama | orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; increasingly opposed to non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking |
| Mongols | Central Asian nomadic people; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph |
| Tamerlane | Baghdad captured and pillaged again in 1401 by forces of Tamerlane |
| Muslim invaders, traders, and migrants | * |
| Muhammad ibn Quasim | 17 year-old Muslim general sent by the Umayyad after attack from Sind pirates, led more than 10,000 horse and camel-mounted troops to Sind and won; his policies were later followed by Umayyads and Abbasids |
| Muhammad of Ghanzi | 3rd ruler of a Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan (North of Indus River Valley); led expeditions and reversed Muslim decline, started 2 centuries of Muslim conquest (for wealth and spread of the faith in Northwest India) |
| Stateless Societies | Arican societies organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of political power and authority associated with states; had secret societies that kept peace between clans/families |
| Bantu | common language in Africa, provided common grammar and vocabulary for regional dialects, a family of languages widely spoken in the southern half of the African continent |
| Berbers | Original inhabitants of N Africa, Indigenous group which settled North Africa before the Muslim Arabs; people of the desert |
| Almoravid | A puritanical reformist movement (purify, spread, and protect the faith) among the Islamic Berber tribes (11th century) of northern Africa; controlled gold trade across Sahara; conquered Ghana in 1076; moved southward against African kingdoms of the savanna and westward into Spain |
| Almohadi | A reformist movement among the Islamic Berbers of northern Africa; later than the Almoravids (1130); penetrated into sub-Saharan Africa |
| Jihad | Islamic holy war to purify, spread, and protect the faith |
| Savanna | an area of grassland with scattered trees and bushes; kingdoms and states established in the African savanna |
| Early Christian kingdoms | Axum, Nubia, Ethiopia;Christian kingdoms that were established in Africa before the conversion of the Roman empire to Christianity |
| Coptic | Language of the Copts: were a Christian sect of Egypt; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule; tolerated by Muslims; in Kush and Nubia |
| Sahel grasslands | The extensive grassland belt at the southern edge of the Sahara;a point of exchange between the forests to the south and north Africa; states developed here between trading cities (gold, salt) |
| Ghana | first great sub-Saharan state; created by Soninke people; by 9th century CE a major source of gold int the Mediterranean world; came to power by taxing gold ans salt; Muslim rulers |
| Malinke | broke away from Ghana in the 13th century and created Mali; Muslim leaders |
| Juula | Malinke merchants; formed small partnerships to carry out trade throughout Mali empire; eventually spread throughout much of west Africa |
| Griots | professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisers to kings within the Mali empire |
| Sundiata | The "Lion Prince"; a member of the Keita clan; created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died about 1260; created basic culture |
| Ibn Batuta | Arabic traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records |
| Mansa Musa | (1313-1337)made pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 and brought attention to Mali and the gold supply and trade in Africa |
| Timbuktu | Port city of Mali; located just off the flood plain in teh great bend in the Niger River; population of 50,000; contained a library and university; big book trade |
| Sunni Ali | (1464-1492) leader of Songhay kingdom; expanded and took Timbuktu and Jenne (Mali port city); controlled middle of the Niger River Valley; strong military |
| Muhammad the Great | Extended the boundaries of the Songhay Empire; Islamic ruler of the mid-16th century; successor of Sunni Ali; controlled central Sudan |
| Hausa | states combined Muslim and pagan traditions; emerged following the demise of Songhay empire among the Hausa peoples of northern Nigeria, based on cities such as Kano |
| Sharia | Islamic law; defined among other things the patrilineal nature of Islamic inheritance |
| Constantinople | Roman East capital; made capital in 330's; survived through Roman decline |
| Hagia Sophia | New church constructed in Constantinople during reign of Justinian |
| Justinian | Eastern Roman emperor between 527 and 565 CE; tried to restore unity of Roman Empire; issued most famous compilation of Roman law; Constantinople |
| Belisarius | one of Justinian's most important military commanders during period of reconquest of Western Europe; commanded in North Africa and Italy |
| Bulgaria | Slavic kingdom established in Northern portions of Balkan peninsula; constant source of pressure on Byzantine empire; defeated by Emperor Basil II in 1014 |
| Church split two religions | different traditions, cultural divide Roman Catholic: West Eastern Orthodox: East |
| Cyril and Methodius | missionaries sent by Byzantine government to Eastern Europe and the Balkans; converted southern Russia and Balkans to Orthodox Christianity; responsible for creation of written script for Slavic known as Cyrillic |
| Cyrillic | written script for Slavic language created by Cyril and Methodius |
| Jews | migrated from the Middle East and fled intolerance in Western Europe into eastern Europe; biggest concentration in Poland; resented by Christians; placed emphasis on education and literacy |
| Kievan Rus' | Kiev: trade city in southern Russia established by Scandinavian traders in the 9th century; became focal point for kingdom of Russia that flourished to 12th century Kievan Rus': monarchy with regional; aristocrats, largest Russian state; Rurik first Prince |
| Vladmir | ruler of Russian kingdom of Kiev from 980-1015; converted kingdom to Christianity (Orthodox); forced baptism/conversion |
| Russian Orthodox Church | Russian form of Christianity imported from Byzantine Empire and combined with local religion; king characteristically controlled major appointments |
| Yaroslav | last of great Kievan rulers; issued legal codification based on formal codes developed in Byzantium; translated religious literature from Greek to Slavic |
| Boyars | Russian aristocrats; possessed less political power than did their counterparts in western Europe; negotiated with Kievan princes |
| Tatars | Mongols; captured Russian cities and largely destroyed Kievan state in1236; left Russian Orthodoxy and aristocracy intact; separated Russia and West Europe |
| manorialism | system that described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers (aristocrats and serfs) during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land |
| Serfs | peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the Middle Ages; lived on lords' manors; manorialism |
| Moldboard | heavy plow introduced in Northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils; a technological innovation of the medieval agricultural system |
| Three-field system | system of agricultural cultivation in the 9th century in western Europe; included one-third in spring grains, one-third fallow; 1/3 grow, 1/3 harvest, 1/3 fallow |
| Monasteries | disciplined spirituality, holy life, improved land cultivation, provided education, promoted literacy |
| Charlemagne | *Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany 800 |
| Regional Monarchies | established after Charlemagne's took West Europe; eventually turned to states, then to nations |
| Feudalism | the social organization created during the Middle Ages by exchanging grants of land or fiefs in return for formal oaths of allegiance and promises of loyal service; typical of Zhou dynasty; greater lords provided protection and aid to lesser lords (aristocrats and vassals) in return for military service |
| Vassals | members of the military elite in the Middle Ages who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty; feudalism |
| William the Conqueror | invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centralized monarchy |
| Magna Carta | Great Charter issued by King John of England in 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy |
| Parliaments | bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals; found in England, Spain, Germany, and France; 1265 House of Lords: represent nobles and church Commons: had elected representatives from wealthy citizens |
| Expansionist impulse | population growth in western Europe led to expansionist impulse |
| Crusades | series of military adventures initially launched by western Christian to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy; first called by Pope |
| Investiture Controversy | practice of stat appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory VII attempted to ban the practice of lay investiture, leading to war with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV |
| Peter Abelard and Thomas Aquinas | Peter Abelard: found logical contradiction in doctrine, wrote Yes and No Thomas Aquinas: Italian monk that taught at the University of Paris; argued that humans could know the natural order, moral law, and nature of God through rationality as well as faith |
| Bernard of Clairvaux | emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stresses importance of mystical union with God; successfully challenges Peter Abelard and had him driven from the universities |
| Scholasticism | dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems |
| Toltecs | nomadic peoples from beyond the northern frontier of the sedentary agricultural area in mesoamerica; established capital of Tula following migration into central Mesoamerican plateau (968); strongly militaristic ethic including cult of human sacrifice |
| Topiltzin/Quetzalcoatl | Topiltzin: religious leader and reformer of Toltecs; dedicated to god Quezalcoatl; after losing struggle for power, went into exile in the Yucatan peninsula Quezalcoatl: Toltec deity; Feathered Serpent; adopted by Aztecs as a major god |
| Aztecs | The Mexica; one of the nomadic tribes that used political anarchy after fall of Toltecs to penetrate into the sedentary agricultural zone of Mesoamerican plateau; established empire after 1325 around shores of Lake Texcoco |
| Lake Texcoco | lake around which the Aztecs established their empire in 1325 |
| Tenochtitlan | Founded c. 1325 on marshy island in Lake Texcoco; became center of Aztec power; joined with Tlacopan and Texcoco in 1434 to form a triple alliance that controlled most of the central plateau of Mesoamerica |
| Moctezuma II | last independent Aztec emperor; killed during Hernan Cortes' conquest of Tenochtitlan |
| Tlaloc | Major god of Aztecs; associated with fertility and the agricultural cycle; god of rain |
| Huitzilpochtli | Aztec tribal patron god; central figure of cult of human sacrifice and warfare; identified with old sun god |
| Nezhualcoyotl | Leading Aztec king of the 15th century |
| Chinampas | beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth placed in frames made of cane and rooted to create "floating islands"; system of irrigated agriculture utilized by Aztecs; more than 20,000 acres of chinampas built |
| Pochteca | special merchant class in Aztec society; specialized in long-distance trade in luxury items |
| Calpulli | seven clans in Aztec society, later expanded to more than sixty; divided into residential groupings that distributed land and provided labor and warriors. |
| Maize | corn; major product of Aztecs that they grew in chinampas |
| Speaker | leaders of Aztec cities; leader/ruler of Tenochtitlan: Great Speaker |
| Incas | group of clans centered at Cuzco that were able to create empire in Andean civilization c. 1438 |
| Chimor | regional Andean chiefdom that flourished from 800-1465; fell to Incas |
| Pachacuti | Ruler of Inca society from 1438-1471; launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca |
| Twantisuyu | word for Inca empire; region from present-day Columbia to Chile and eastward to northern Argentina |
| Split Inheritance | *Inca practice of descent; all titles and political power went to successor, but wealth and land remained in hands of male descendants for support of cult of dead Inca's mummy; reason for expansion |
| Temple of the Sun at Cuzco | Inca religious center located at Cuzco; center of state religion; held mummies of past Incas |
| Quechua | language in Inca empire; spread by leaders to integrate empire |
| Tambos | way stations on complex road system used by Incas as inns and storehouses; supply centers for Inca armies on move; relay points for system of runners used to carry messages |
| Mita | labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control |
| Parallel Descent | property rights within the ayllus and among the nobility passed in both male and female lines (women passed rights and property to daughters; men to sons) |
| Ayllus | households in Andean societies that recognized some form of kinship; traced descent from some common, sometimes mythical ancestor; controlled land, had responsibilities in maintenance |
| Incan Cultural Achievement | pottery, cloth, advanced metal-working (gold and silver, copper and bronze-for weapons and tools); no wheels; knotted strings instead of writing system; effective land and water management, road systems; architecture; agricultural terraces on steep slopes of Andes; stone working; empire linked by about 2500 miles of roads and bridges |
| Quipu | system of knotted strings utilized by the Incas in place of a writing system; could contain numerical and other types of information for censuses and financial records; (Incas had no writing system) |
| Wendi | member of prominent northern Chinese family during period of 6 dynasties; proclaimed himself emperor; supported by nomadic peoples of northern China; established Sui dynasty; did not support scholar-gentry |
| Sui | dynasty established by Wendi; united much of northern China plain |
| Yangdi | second member of Sui dynasty; murdered his father (Wendi) to gain throne; restored Confucian examination system; responsible for construction of Chinese canal system; assassinated in 618; lived in luxury |
| Li Yuan | also known as Duke of Tang; minister for Yangdi; took over empire following assassination if Yangdi; first emperor of Tang dynasty; took imperial title of Gaozu |
| Tang Dynasty | dynasty that succeeded the Sui in 618 CE; more stable than previous dynasty |
| Scholar-gentry | high, educated social class in China made of people who passed the civil service examinations |
| Changan | capital of Tang dynasty; population of 2 million; larger than any other city in the world at that time |
| Ministry of Rites | administered examinations to students from Chinese government schools or those recommended by distinguished scholars |
| Jinshi | title granted to those students who passed the most difficult Chinese examination on all of Chinese literature; became immediate dignitaries and eligible for high office |
| Mahayana Buddhism | Chinese version of Buddhism; placed considerable emphasis on Buddha as god or savior; salvationist pure land sect |
| Chan Buddhism | known as Zen in Japan; stressed meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty; popular with members of elite Chinese society |
| Zen | Japanese word for Chan; another name for Chan Buddhism is Zen Buddhism |
| Empress Wu | 670-705; supported Buddhism and supported the building of monasteries, giving land to Buddhists, and trying to make Buddhism the state religion |
| Emperor Wuzong | 841-847; Chinese emperor of Tang dynasty who openly persecuted Buddhism by destroying monasteries and forcing Buddhist monks and nuns to abandon he monastic order in 840s; reduced influence of Chinese Buddhism in favor of Confucian ideology; monks and nuns not in monastic order anymore could be taxed; monastic lands divided and given to taxpaying landlords |
| Xuanzong | son of Empress Wu; leading Chinese emperor of Tang dynasty who reigned from 713-755 during the peak of Tang power and Chinese civilization though he encouraged over expansion; was first interested in political and economic reform, then became more interested in the arts and entertainment/enjoyment; had many concubines |
| Yang Guifei | young woman belonging to harem of Tang prince; raised to status of royal concubine during reign of Xuanzong; introduction of relatives into royal administration led to revolt (object of Xuanzong's obsession and took advantage of her position) |
| Zhao Kuangyin | founder of Song dynasty; originally a general following fall of Tang; known as most able and honest general and a scholar; took title of Taizu; failed to overcome northern Liao dynasty that remained independent |
| Song dynasty | 960-1279; dynasty established by Zhou Kuangyin; defeated all rivals except Liao; time of neo-Confucian revival |
| Liao | dyasty founded by Khitans (nomads); not defeated by Song dynasty and rival/enemy of Song |
| Zhu Xi | most prominent of neo-Confucian scholars during the Song dynasty in China; stressed importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life and action |
| Neo-Confucians | revivers of the ancient Confucian teaching |
| Tangut | rulers of Xi Xia kingdom of northwest China; one of regional kingdoms during period of southern Song; conquered by Mongols in 1226 |
| Xi Xia | kingdom of northwest China established by Tangut tribes from Tibet |
| Wang Anshi | Confucian scholar and chief minister of a Song emperor in 1070s; introduces sweeping reforms based on Legalists (loans and irrigation to encourage agriculture, expansion, taxed landlords and scholars, well-trained military, tried to change exams); advocated greater state intervention in society |
| Jurchens | founders of the Qin kingdom that succeeded the Liao in northern China; annexed most of most of Yellow River basin and forced Song to flee south; established capital in Hangzhou |
| Qin Kingdom | kingdom founded by the Jurchens; united most of Yellow River basin |
| Southern Song Dynasty | rump state of Song dynasty from 1127-1279; carved out of much larger domains ruled by the Tang and northern Song; capital: Loyan |
| Grand Canal | built during Sui dynasty (589-618); linked original Chinese civilization centers on the North China plain with the Yangtze River basin; helped with: facilitating control over the southern regions, transportation of revenue and food |
| Silk Road | trading road in China that helped international contact; reopened under Tang conquest; exchange between China and Buddhism in nomadic Central Asia, between China and the Islamic world |
| "Flying money" | Chinese credit instrument that provided credit vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced danger of robbery; early form of currency; less money stolen |
| footbinding | practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; started at a young age (5-6);produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household |
| Li Bo | *most famous poet of the Tang era; blended images of the mundane world with philosophical musings |
| Taika reforms | attempt to make Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army; started in 646 |
| Fujuwara family | Japanese aristocratic family in mid 9th century; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power and increase of aristocratic power |
| Bushi | regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies; became the most effective military forces |
| Samurai | mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor; court and other officials would hire a provincial lord and their samurai to act as bodyguards and protect palaces.mansions from robbery/raids |
| Seppuku | ritual suicide or disembowelment in Japan; commonly known in the West as hara-kiri;demonstrated courage and a means to restore family honor |
| Taira | powerful family in Japan feuding with Minamoto family for power; at first controlled emperor and dominated at court; with the focus of power in the capital, links with rural notables were broken and the family was weakened |
| Minamoto | powerful family in Japan feuding with Taira family; had superior commanders and forces, gained more alliances with rural notables |
| Gempei Wars | waged for five years (1180-1185) on Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in destruction of Taira |
| Bakufu | "tent" military government established by the Minamoto following the Gempei Wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai |
| Shoguns | military leaders of the bakufu; claimed to rule in the name of the emperor in Kyoto |
| Daimyo | warlord rulers of 300 small states following Onin War (1467-1477) and disruption of Ashikaga Shogunate; holdings consolidated into unified and bounded mini states |
| Choson | earliest Korean kingdom; conquered by Han emperor in 109 BCE; parts colonized by Chinese |
| Koguryo, Silla, and Paekche | rival tribal people in Korea Koguryo: tribal people of northern Korea; established an independent kingdom in the northern half of the peninsula; adopted cultural Sinification Silla: independent Korean kingdom in southeastern part of peninsula; defeated Koguryo along with their Chinese Tang allies; submitted ad a vassal of the Tang emperor and agreed to tribute payment; ruled united Korea by 668 Paekche: other people in Korea, defeated by Silla |
| Sinification | extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions; typical of Korea and Japan, less typical of Vietnam |
| Yi dynasty | Korean dynasty that succeeded Koryo dynasty following period of Mongol invasions; established in 1392; ruled Korea until 1910; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence |
| Trung sisters | leaders of one of the frequent peasant rebellions in Vietnam against Chinese rule; revolt broke out in 39 CE; demonstrates importance of Vietnamese women in indigenous society |
| Trinh family | dynasty in Red River area of Vietnam challenged by Nguyen dynasty |
| Nguyen family | dynasty in central/south Vietnam that fought Trinh dynasty fro control over Vietnam; in plains connecting valleys of Vietnam, capital in Hue; |
| Kuriltai | meeting of all Mongol chieftains at which the supreme ruler of all tribes was selected; 1206 Chinggis Khan selected |
| Khagan | title of the supreme ruler of the Mongol tribes; Chinggis Khan chosen 1206 |
| Tumens | basic fighting units of the Mongol forces; consisted of 10,000 cavalrymen; each unit was further divided into units of 1000, 100, and 10 |
| Karakorum | capital of the Mongol Empire under Chinggis Khan |
| Batu | ruler of he Golden Horde; one of Chinggis Khan's grandsons; responsible for invasion of Russia beginning in 1236 |
| Ogedai | third son of Chinggis Khan; succeeded Chinggis Khan as Khagan of the Mongols following his father's death |
| Khanate of the Golden Horde | one of the 4 regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after Chinggis Khan's death; territory covered much of what is today south central Russia |
| Berke Khan | Ruler of the Golden Horde; converted to Islam; his threat to Hulegu combined with the growing power of Mameluks in Egypt forestalled further Mongol conquests in the Middle East |
| Kubilai Khan | grandson of Chinggis Khan; commander of the Mongol forces responsible for the conquest of China; became khagan in 1260; established Sinicized Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1271 |
| Chabi | influential wife of Kubilai Khan; promoted interests of Buddhists in China; indicative of refusal of Mongol women to adopt restrictive social conventions of Chinese |
| White Lotus Society | secret religious society dedicated to overthrow Yuan dynasty in China; typical of peasant resistance to Mongol rule |
| Ju Yuanzhang | Chinese peasant who led successful revolt against Yuan; founded Ming dynasty |
| Ming Dynasty | succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China |
| Timur-I Lang | leader of Turkic nomads; beginning in 1360s from base at Samarkand, launched series of attacks on Persia, the Fertile Crescent, India, and southern Russia; empire disintegrated after his death in 1405 |
| Ottoman Turks | Turkic people who advanced from strongholds in Asia Minor during 1350s; conquered large part of Balkans; unified under Mehmud I; captured Constantinople in 1453;established empire from Balkans that include most of Arab world |
| Sufi | mystics within Islam; responsible for expansion of Islam to southeastern Asia |
| Zenghe | series of seven overseas trade expeditions under third Ming emperor, Yunglo; led by court eunuch Zhenghe between 1405 and 1433; only Chinese attempt to create worldwide trade empire |
| Black Death | plague that struck Europe in 14th century; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure |
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