| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Ghana's nickname | The kingdom of gold |
| Ghana's Indigenous Religion | ancestoral, 1 greater god, Gods controlled natural disasters |
| Islam in Ghana | Officials converted to Islam, Groups were tolerant of one another, cities were divided into two religious sections |
| Sources of Ghana's Strength | Strong army with iron weapons, wealthiest empire in west Africa from tax on gold a salt trade |
| Sources of Ghana's Unity | Strong centralized government, king controlled all, general system of common beliefs |
| Trans-Saharan Trade | gold from south to north, salt from north to south |
| Mansa Musa | Leader of Mali |
| Mandike vs. Sosso | The fight for control of Mali |
| Sundiata Keita | Leader of Mandinke |
| Sumanguru | Leader of Sosso |
| Mali at its height | Mansa Musa was leader, twice the size of Ghana, was largest empire for 200 years |
| Mansa Musa's Pilgrimage | went to Mecca for haj |
| Mansa Musa's caravan | 60,000 people, 500 slaves with 4lbs of gold, camels with gold, gold was distributed along journey |
| How do we know that Ghana was an early civilization? | only raw goods, polytheistic, ancestoral, a monarchy |
| Impact of Pilgrimage on Mali | Mali is put on the map, incorporates Muslim culture, economy goes down, government officials read and write in Arabic |
| How does Mansa Musa's pilgrimage spread Islam? | Distributed Korans, made schools, built mosques |
| How did Songhai gain independence from Mali? | was formed as Mali declined then won Timbuktu and Jenne |
| Ali Kolan and Sokeyman Mar | Helped Songhai gain independence in 1435 |
| Askia Muhammad | devout Muslim, ruler of Songhai |
| Songhai under Askia Muhammad | Islam is state religion, strong central government, strong navy, bigger than Ghana and Mali combined |
| Kadis | Muslim judges |
| Timbuktu | Trading Center, University of Sankore, market inspectors, |
| Cast System in Songhai | 1) Songhai Kukya descendants shared powers with the king 2) free citizens 3) slaves and prisoners of war |
| Shona | 500-1000 AD, Bantoo speakers, agricultural, mined iron and gold, lived in mud and wood homes |
| Who built Great Zimbabwe? | the Shona between 1000 and 1300 AD for protecting the mines |
| The Temple at Great Zimbabwe | kings palace, huts, religious shrines, graineries, 115ft high cone shaped tower, very large walls, lots of carvings and sculptures |
| Zimbabwe's Decline | 1450 city is abandoned, no one know why they left, cattle might have overgrazed land |
| Arabs and Persians brought | incense, glass, pearls, fabric, and Islam |
| Chinese brought | porcelian, silk, and jade |
| Indians brought | spices, rice, and cotton cloth |
| Europeans sought | gold, ivory, money, wanted to destroy Muslim trade |
| Geography's Role in Trade | Deep harbors, transoceanic trade, coastal cities, in between ocean and gold, monsoons brought people there |
| Swahili Culture | mix of African and Arabic, a Swahili language created that served as a common language, songs and epic poems |
| Mogadishu | Capital of Somalia, Independent City State of Swahili |
| Malindi | Kenya, Independent City State of Swahili |
| Mambasa | Kenya, Independent City State of Swahili |
| Zanzibar | Tanzania, Independent City State of Swahili |
| Kilwa | Tanzania, Independent City State of Swahili |
| Sofala | Mozambique, Independent City State of Swahili |
| Independent City states of Swahili | east coastline, an emir ruled each |
| Emir | ruled each independent city state, supported by well educated burecracy, oversaw trade, defense, and security |
| first slave traders | Arabians |
| first European slave traders | Portugese from Gold Coast |
| Triangle Trade | From Africa to Americas slaves, From Americas to Europe raw goods, from Europe to the world manufactured products |
| Why does slave trade end? | humanitarians and new technology |
| Why were African slaves needed? | the natives in the Americas had been killed from European diseases |
| The Middle Passage | brutal, jammed in shoulder to shoulder, many died and only the strongest survive |
| Boers | Afrikaners, dutch farmers that began to settle in areas outside the city of capetown |
| Ashanti | on the Gold Coast, consisted of a number of previously independent small states linked together |
| Estimated number of slaves brought to the Americas | 10 million |
| Effects of Slave trade on Africans | strong and young were taken from country, families were destroyed, increased war, African states bonded together, Islam expanded, trade routes were changed |
| Muhammad Ali | seized power in 1805 and established a separate Egyptian state, introduced reforms to bring Egypt into the modern world |
| Suez Canal | to connect Mediterranean and Red sea, brought little benefit to Egypt and a lot of debt, lifeline to India, British bought all of its stocks |
| Ferdinand de Lesseps | French entrepreneur, in 1854 signed a contract to begin building Suez Canal |
| Muhammad Ahmad | Muslim cleric, Mahdi, led a revolt in 1881 that gave him control over much of Sudan, British sent an army to overthrow but they were overthrown |
| David Livingstone | scottish, christian missionary, arrived in Africa in 1841, spent time exploring interior of continent, loved Africa, opposed slavery |
| Henry Stanley | hired by New York Herald to find Livingstone, strongly dislikes Africa, brought Belgians to Congo area |
| King Leopold II | leader of Belgium, driving force behind colonization of central Africa |
| Berlin Conference | Otto von Bismark held a conference in 1884 to settle conflicting claims in East Africa, set basic rules for further annexations of African territory, goal was to avoid was, no African delegates present, "cut up cake" |
| Zulus | with ruler Shaka had carved out own empire, was between Zulus and Europeans |
| Great Trek | didn't like British policies so Boers left, to region between Orange and Vaal rivers |
| Orange Free State and Transvaal | created by Boers after Great Trek |
| Why didn't the decline of slave trade reduce the number of Europeans in West Africa? | The Europeans became interested in African resources and began to trade and create colonies |
| How did Bismark feel about colonization? | He didn't think that Germany needed colonies but the people of Germany did |
| Why did many educated Africans come to hate colonial rule? | had been taught of democracy but wasn't being applied, could only have low-paying jobs, lower salaries than Europeans with same job, segregation, wanted their own nationality/nation |
| Cecil Rhodes | lobbied British to get diamonds and gold, champion of expansion, from Cairo to Capetown, removed because of plan to over throw Boers |
| Boer War | Dutch found out about Rhodes' plan, only war between Europeans in Africa, Afrikaners were put in detention camps, British won |
| Creation of South Africa | 1910, to satisfy Afrikaners British made it so only whites could vote |
| African National Congress | 1912, made by blacks, to promote political, economic, social, and educational reforms |
| ANC Flag | spear and shield: old tribal ways, wheel: new technology, black:death, green: land, yellow: bright future |
| Apartheid | system of racial segregation |
| Sharpeville | 1960, peaceful demonstration, many were killed when running away |
| Nelson Mandela | leader of national congress, jailed for several decades in Robin Island, released in 1990 |
| Steve Biko | argued on behalf of black consciousness, died under mysterious circumstances in jail |
| black consciousness | black pride, African history |
| Bishop Desmond Tutu | Anglican, worked when Mandela was in prison, worked to end apartheid |
| First Election | 1993, Nelson Mandela became president |
| Thabo Mbeki | came after Mandela, peaceful transition showed the South Africa was ready for a Democracy, friend of Mugawbe, |
| Franco-Prussian War | 1870-1871, Germany won so they feel very confident at Berlin Conference while the French feel desperate |
| Three types of Colonies | colonies for exploitation, settlement, and a mix of the two |
| How does the Bible and the gun relate to Africa? | Europeans wanted to conquer Africa through missionaries and violence |
| How did the Europeans break their promise to the Africans? | They brought commerce and Christianity to Africa but it did not benefit the Africans |
| Disadvantages of the African Continent | different climate zones, landlocked, lack of domestication, diseases evolved with people, lack of food, no rivers |
| Harry Thuku | organized The Young Kikuyu Association, a telephone operator, arrested and then sent into exile |
| Muhammad Abd al-Krim | led tribes in moroccan mountains against spanish control, exiled in 1926 |
| Omar Mukhtar | Libya against italian, guerrilla warfare, his death ended movement |
| W.E.B. Du Bois | educated at Harvard, tried to make Africans aware of their own heritage |
| Marcus Garvey | Jamaican from Harlem, pan-Africanism |
| Jomo Kenyatta | from Kenya, educated in great Britain, Facing Mount Kenya, europeans were destroying African culture, Kenya African National Union |
| Leopold Senghor | studied in France, written poetry about African culture, organized an independence movement in Senegal |
| Nnamdi Azikiwe | Nigeria, Made newspaper The West African Pilot, advocated non violence |
| Kwame Nkrumah | Convention People's Party, first African political party in black Africa |
| Mau Mau Movement | among Kikuyu peoples, used terrorism to demand uhuru (freedom), frightened British and forced them to give independence |
| Wafd | formal Egyptian political party, King Farouk |
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