(AP Human Geog.)Key Terms and Ideas from Chapters 2 and 3
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silent-beauty on October 2, 2010
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55 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Census | A periodic and official count of a country's population. |
| Demography | The study of population *Population geographers work with demographers. |
| Overpopulation | The population of an area in too large numbers. *When the resources and facilities of a country or region become scarce and are not enough to support a population. |
| Global Density | The total number/ratio of people on Earth. |
| Arithmetic Density | The population of a country or region expressed as an average per unit area. *Derived by dividing the population of the areal unit by the number of square kilometers/meters that make up the unit. |
| Physiological Density | The number of people per unit area of arable land (agriculturally productive land) |
| Agricultural Density | The total amount/ratio of farmable land in a country, region, or in the world. |
| Crude Birth Rate | The number of live births yearly per thousand people in a population. |
| Crude Death Rate | The number of deaths yearly per thousand people in a population. |
| Rate of Natural Increase | The percent growth of a population in a year. * Computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate. |
| Doubling Time | The time required for a population to double in size. |
| Total Fertility Rate | The rate at which a population neither grows nor shrinks. |
| Infant Mortality Rate | A figure that describes the number of babies that die within the first year of their lives in a given population. |
| Life Expectancy | A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live. *Normally expressed in the context of a particular state. |
| Demographic Transition Model | The sequence of stages in popualtion growth. |
| Agricultural Revolution | A breakthrough in agriculture |
| Medical Revolution | A breakthrough in medicine and cures. |
| Zero Population Growth | There's no population growth. |
| Population Pyramid | Used to represent age and gender, the key indicators of population, visually. |
| Dependency Ratio | Age population ratios of those typically not in the labor force. * Population Pyramids show dependency ratios of fewer than 15 and over 65. |
| Sex Ratio | The ratio of males versus females. |
| Thomas Malthus | 1. Wrote "Principles of Population" and predicted that the population would outrun food supplies, leading to a decrease in food per person. 2. Assumed that populations grow exponentially, food supplies grow arithmetically, and food shortages along with chaos are inevitable. |
| Infanticide | The act or practice of killing a newborn infant. |
| Population Control Policies (PCP) - Expansive | Encourages large families and raises the rate of natural increase. |
| PCP - Eugenic | Designed to favor one ratial or cultural sector of the population over others. |
| PCP - Restrictive | Seeks to reduce the rate of natural increase. * Ranges from toleration of officially unapproved means of birth control to outright prohibition of large families. |
| Migration | A change in residence that's intended to be permanent. |
| Forced Migration | Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate. |
| Chain Migration | When a migrant communicates to family and friends at home, encouraging further migration along the same path, along kinship links. |
| Internal Migration | Movement within a single country's borders (implying a degree of permanence) |
| International Migration | Movement across country borders (Implying a degree of permanence) |
| Step Migration | When a migrant follows a path of a series of stages or steps toward a final destination. |
| Voluntary Migration | Migrants weigh the push and pull factors to decide... 1. to emmigrate from the home country 2. where to go |
| Emmigration | The process of migrating away from a country or area.q |
| Immigration | The process of migrating into a particular country or area. |
| Net - Migration | The difference between the total number of arrivals and that of departures that occur in a country or region. |
| Mobility | The ability to communicate. *Your activity space. - Ex : cell phones, laptops, iPods, internet |
| Circulation | The spreading or transmission of something to a wider group of people or area. |
| Seasonal Mobility | Migration based on the changing seasons (similar to birds) |
| Pull Factors | The circumstances that effectively attract the migrant to certain locales from other places * The decision of where to go |
| Push Factors | The conditions and perceptions that help the migrant decide to leave a place. |
| Refugees | People who flee across an international boundary because of a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership, of a particular social group, or political opinion. |
| Floodplain | A region or area affected by a massive flood. |
| Interregional Migration | Migration within a country |
| Intraregional Migration | Migration outside a country |
| Migration Transition | Change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition. |
| E.G. Ravenstein | Created/ thought of the Laws of Migration |
| Coyote | Someone who helps sneak illegal immigrants across a country's borders. |
| Quota | Established limits by governments on the number of immigrants who can enter the country each year. |
| U.S. Immigration and Nationalization Service | The process of becoming an American citizen. |
| U.S. Border Control | The mobile law enforcement arm of the Immigration and Naturalization Service that detects and prevents illegal entry of aliens into the United States |
| Intervening Obstacles | Obstacles that get in the way of migration. |
| Brain Drain | When a country allows only those with a specific amount of intelligence or "smarts" to enter their country. |
| Guest Workers | Legal immigrants who have work visas - usually short term |
| Counter Urbanization | A demographic and social process whereby people move form urban areas to rural areas |
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