Ch 23 Respiratory
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210 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 upper, lower | the respiratory system includes the ___________ and _________ respiratory system |
| nose, pharynx, associated structures | what is included in the upper respiratory system |
| larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs | what is included in the lower respiratory system |
| conducting zone | this conducts air to lungs |
| nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles | what structures are part of the conducting zone (conducts air to lungs) |
| respiratory zone | this is the main site of gas exchange |
| respiratory bronchioles, alveolarducts, alveolarsacs, alveoli | what are the structures of the respiratory zone (main site of gas exchange |
| external nose | this is the part of nasal system that is visible externally |
| internal nose | this is the large cavity beyond the nasal vestibule |
| choanae | what is another word for internal nares |
| internal nose | ducts (located superior) from the paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal ducts open into the |
| nasal septum | the nasal cavity is divided by the |
| meatuses | nasal conchae subdivide the nasal cavity into nasal |
| dehydration | nasal conchae subdivide the nasal cavity into nasal meatuses to increase surface area in order to prevent _________________ |
| olfactory receptors | _________ ______________ are in olfactory epithelium |
| internal nares, cricoid cartilage, larynx | the pharynx starts at the _________ ____________ and extends to the ________ ____________ of the ___________ |
| deglutition | constraction of skeletal muscles assist in ______________ |
| passageway, resonating chamber, houses tonsils | what are the three main functions of the pharynx |
| air, food | the pharynx is a passageway for what |
| nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx | what are the three anatomical regions of the pharynx |
| larynx | this is a short passageway connecting the laryngopharynx with the trachea - just below the hyoid |
| cartilage | the larynx is composed of _______________ |
| 9 | how many pieces of cartilage is the larynx composed of |
| thyroid cartilage (adams apple) | the larynx is composed of 9 pieces of cartilage - what is one major piece |
| tracheotomy | the cricoid cartilage is the hallmark for a (this is the a general area) |
| glottis | the epiglottis closes off the _____________ during swallowing |
| glottis | this is a pair of folds of mucous membranes, vocal folds (true vocal cords), and the space between them called the rima glottidis |
| cilia | this is in the upper respiratory tract to move mucous and trapped particles down toward the pharynx |
| lower respiratory | cilia in the _________ ____________ tract move mucous and trapped particles up toward the pharynx |
| ventricular folds, vocal folds | what are the structures of voice production |
| ventricular folds | these are superior, and part of voice production - they are used in holding your breath against pressure in thoracic cavity |
| vocal folds | these are inferior, and part of voice production - they vibrate, move apart or together, elongate or shorten, tighter or looser to produce sound with air |
| elastic ligaments | muscle contraction pulls __________ ____________ which stretch the vocal folds out into airway to produce sound |
| androgens | this makes the folds thicker and longer for slower vibration and lower pitch - gives male deeper voice |
| mucous membranes | ___________ _________ of larynx forms the ventricular folds and vocal folds |
| trachea | this extends from the larynx to superior border of T5 |
| primary bronchi | the trachea extends from the larynx to the superior border of T5 and divides into the right and left ________ ________________ |
| mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage, adventitia | what are the 4 layers of the trachea |
| 16, 20 | the trachea is made up of ___ to ___ C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage |
| hyaline cartilage | the trachea is made up of 16 to 20 C shaped rings of _________ __________ - the open part faces the esophagus |
| carina | this is an internal ridge - it is the most sensitive area for triggering the cough reflex |
| upper respiratory | everything located above the larynx is considered the |
| lower respiratory | everything located from the larynx down is considered the |
| superior, middle, inferior | what are the three conchae folds |
| below (inferior) | where is the nasal meatus located - in referance to the conchae |
| pharangeal, palatine (can see), lingual | what are the three tonsils |
| palatine | the nasopharynx is superior and located behind the |
| inferior | the oropharyns is in the middle and the laryngopharynx is __________ to it |
| posterior | the cricoid cartilage is not the same size all the way around - it is larger on the ___________ side |
| crico thyroid ligament | a tracheotomy is done here to avoid most ofther structures - this is the specific area - a hole is put here so you can breath |
| lungs | the right and left primary bronchus go to the right and left __________ |
| bronchial tree | the primary bonchus divide to form the |
| secondary lobar bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchiles, terminal bronchioles | the primary bronchus divide to for the bronchial tree which becomes what 4 things |
| plates, disappear, smooth muscle | there are structural changes to the bronchi as it branches - the mucous membranes change, incomplete rings become _________ and then ___________, as cartilage decreases the _____________ ____________ increases |
| sympathetic | this part of the ANS is for relaxation/dilation |
| parasympathetic | this part of the ANS is for contraction/constriction |
| lungs | these are seperated from each other by the heart and other structures in the mediastinum |
| pleural membrane | each lung is enclosed by a double layered _________ ____________ |
| parietal, visceral | each lung is enclosed by a double layered pleural membrane - it includes the ____________ and _____________ |
| pleural cavity | this is located between the two layers of the pleural membrane of the lungs |
| reduce friction, produce surface tension | the function of the pleural fluid located in the pleural cavity is to |
| pleural fluid | this is within the pleural cavity and it's function is to reduce friction and produce surface tension (stick together) |
| cardiac notch | this is part of the left lung and makes it 10% smaller than the right |
| lobes | each lung is divided into ___________ by 1 or 2 fissures |
| tertiary bronchi (segmental) | each lobe of the lung receives it's own secondary (lobar) bronchus that will branche into |
| lymphatic vessel, arteriole, venule, terminal bronchiole | lobules of the lung are wrapped in elastic connective tissue and contain a _____________ __________, ______, __________, and a branch from the __________ ______________ |
| respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts | terminal bronchioles of the lung branch into ______________ ______________ which divide into ____________ _____________ |
| 25 | there are about _______ orders of branching in the lungs |
| alveoli | this is a cup shaped outpouching - like a grape - 2 or more of these makes the alvoli sac |
| alveolar sac | this is two or more alveoli (cup shaped outpouching - bunch of grapes) sharing a common opening |
| alveolar epithelial cells | there are two types of __________ ______________ _____________ - type i and type ii |
| type i alveolar cells | these form continuous lining of alveolar wall, more numerous than the other type, this is the main site of gas exchange - single membrane for easy diffustion |
| type ii alveolar cells | these are found between other cells - they are rounded or cuboidal free surfaces containing microvilli, they secrete alveolar fluid (part surfactant) - line inside of - not part of the wall |
| surfactant | this is in the alveolar fluid, it lowers the surface tension fo alveolar fluid which reduces the tendency of alveoli to collapse - the lung to collapse |
| alveolar wall, epithelial basement membrane, capillary basement membrane, capillary endothelium | the respiratory membrane is very thin - and made up of |
| .5 um | the respiratory membrane is only ____ thick - to allow rapid diffusion of gases |
| pulmonary artery, bronchial arteries | the lungs receive blood from the (2) |
| pulmonary artery | deoxygenated blood of the lungs comes from the |
| bronchial arteries | oxygenated blood to perfuse (flood) muscular walls of bronchi and bronchiles via the |
| none | the trachea to the bronchioles changes in structure - it goes from having cartilage to having _______ |
| costal | this pleural membrane covers/attaches to the rib |
| mediastenum | this pleural membrane cover the middle area - trachea, esophagus, bronchia |
| diaphragmatic | this pleural membrane covers the diaphragm |
| cupula | this pleural membrane is around the apex of the lungs just above the clavicle |
| respiration | this is gas exchange |
| pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, internal respiration | these are the three steps of respiration (gas exchange) |
| pulmonary ventilation (breathing) | this is inhalation and exhalation - the exchange of air between atmosphere and alveoli |
| external (pulmonary) respiration | this is the movement of oxygen from the alveoli into pulmonary capillaries and carbon dioxide from pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli |
| internal (tissue) respiration | this is the movement of oxygen from capillaries into body cells and carbon dioxide from body cells into capillaries - supplies cellular respiration (makes atp) |
| atp | internal (tissue) respiration is the exchange of gases between systemic capillaries and tissue cells - supplies cellular respiration and makes ______ |
| lower | pressure inside the alveoli must become ___________ than atmospheric pressure for air to flow into the lungs |
| boyles law | pressure inside the alveoli must become lower than atmospheric pressure for air to flow into the lungs - this is achieved by increasing the size of lungs - increase volume, decrease pressure this is know as |
| boyles law | the pressure of a gas in a closed container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container |
| inhalation | lungs must expand, increasing lung volume, decreasing pressure below atmospheric pressue for |
| diaphragm, external intercostals | inhalation is active - it is the contraction of the ____________ and _______ ____________ |
| diaphragm | this is the most important muscle for inhalation - it flattens, lowering the dome when contracted - responsible for 75% of air entering the lungs during normal quiet breathing |
| external intercoastals | these muscles are responsible for 25% of air entering lungs during normal quiet breathing - contraction and elevation of ribs |
| sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis minor | these muscles assist with deep, forceful inhalation |
| subatmospheric, surface tension | when the thorax expands, parietal and visceral pleura adhere tightly due to _____________ pressure and ___________ ____________ - pulled along with expanding thorax |
| decreases | as lung volume increases, alveolar (intrapulmonic) pressure _______ |
| exhalation (expiration) | this happens when pressure in the lungs is greater than atmospheric pressure |
| passive | exhalation is normally _________ - muscles relax instead of contractinvolves relaxation of the diaphragm and elastic recoil of chest wall and lungs from elastic fibers and surface tension of alveolar fluid |
| elastic recoil, alveolar fluid | exhalation is normally passive - muscles relax - involves relaxation of the diaphragm and ________ _______________ of chest wall and lungs from elastic fibers and surface tension of _______ ______________ |
| exhalation (expiration) | during this the diaphragm relaxes and becomes dome shaped - external intercostals relax and ribs drop down |
| forceful breathing | exhalation is only active during ___________ ___________ |
| suface tension, lung compliance, airway resistance | air pressure differences drive airflow - what are the 3 other factors that affect rate of airflow (ease of pulmonary ventilation) |
| surface tension of alveolar fluid | this causes alveoli to assume smallest possible diameter - accounts for 2/3 of lung elastic recoil - it prevents collapse of alveoli exhalation |
| lung compliance | this is related to elasticity and surface tension - high means the lungs and chest wall expand easily |
| airway resistance | this is regulated by the diameter of the bronchioles and smooth muscle tone - a larger diameter airway has less restriction |
| air pressure | ______ __________ differences drive airflow |
| minute ventilation (mv) | the total volume of air inhaled and exhaled each minute |
| 12 | a normal healthy adult averages ___ breaths per minute |
| 500 ml | normal healthy adult averages 12 breaths per minute - moving about ______ of air in and out of lungs (tidal volume) |
| breaths/min x breath = liters/min | what is the formula for figuring MV (minute ventilation) |
| 70, 30 | only about ____% of tidal volume reaches respiractory zone - the other _____% remains in conducting zone |
| anatomic dead space | this is an area of conducting airways with air that does not undergo respiratory gas exchange -can not blow out |
| alveolar ventilation rate | this is the volume of air per minute that actually reaches the respiratory zone |
| inspiratory reserve volume | this is the maximum amount of air you can take in - a very deep breath |
| expiratory reserve volume | this the air left after inhaling normally and exhaling forcefully |
| oblique fissure | this separates the superior and inferior lobes of the left lung |
| horizontal fissure | this separates the superior and middle lobes of the right lung |
| oblique fissure | this separates the middle and inferior lobes of the right lung |
| lingula | the is the peak that hangs over just below the cardiac notch of the left lung |
| hilus | this is the area where veins and arteries are in the lungs |
| left superior, right anterior | artery locations in relation to the primary bronchus - lisa simpson rides again - veins are inferior in both left and right |
| pulmonary circulation | this is the pulmonary system for the lung - for the organ it's self |
| pulmonary circulation | the pulmonary artery receives deoxygenated blood - bronchial artery carries oxygenated blood to bronchioles - this follows the primary arteries just like the heart |
| 760 mmHg | the normal atmospheric pressure is ___________ - just a 2mm decrease in alveolar pressure will allow you to pull in air |
| autonomic nervous system | what does ans stand for |
| vital capacity | inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume = |
| total lung capacity | vital capacity + residual volume = |
| residual volume | this is the amount of air that is always in lungs - about 1 liter (avg) |
| total pressure | this is the sum of specific gases |
| atmospheric pressure (760mmHg) | Pn2 + Po2 + Ph2o + Pco2 + Pother gases = |
| faster | blood has a lower pressure than the atmospheric pressure - this allows diffusion - the greater the difference the _________ the rate of diffusion |
| o2 | there are some illnesses that diffusion of O2 to blood doesn't happen as well - this is due to the amount of ______ in the blood |
| pressure | each gas within a mixture of gases exerts it's own ___________ - as if no other gases were present |
| Px | pressure of a specific gas is ____________ __________ - noted ____ |
| total pressure | each gas in a mixture of gases exerts it's own pressure as if no other gases were present - pressure of a specific gas is partial pressure (Px) - ____________ ____________ is the sum of all the partial pressures |
| greater, less | each gas diffuses across a permeable membrane from the area where it's partial pressure is ____________ to the area where it's partial pressure is ____________ |
| henrys law | the quantity of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressures of the gas and its solubility |
| stay | in Henry's Law - higher partial pressure of a gas over a liquid and higher solubility - more of the gas will ______ in solution |
| co2, o2 | much more ____ is dissolved in blood than ______ - because it is 24 times more soluble |
| n2 | even though the air we breath is mostly ___ , very little dissolves in blood due to low solubility |
| bends | even though the air we breath is mostly N2, very little dissolves in blood due to low solubility - in divers there's greater pressure - more N2 dissolves in blood - if come up too fast you get decompression sickness or ________ |
| equilibrium | diffusion of oxygen continues until Po2 of pulmonary capillary blood matches Po2 of alvolar air - oxygen wants to go from high to low pressure - this will happen until oxygen levels reach ___________ |
| alveolar, pulmonary capillaries | oxygen diffuses from _________ air into blood of __________ __________ |
| pulmonary veins | a small amount of mixing with blood from the conducting portion of the respiratory system drops Po2 of blood in __________ _______ to 100mmHg in external respiration |
| pulmonary capillaries, alveolar air | carbon dioxide diffuses from deoxygenated blood in ____________ ________________ into the ___________ _______ - this continues until Pco2 in blood reaches 40mmHg - this is external respiration |
| partial pressures, surface area, diffusion distance, molecular weight, solubility | the rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange depends on (5) |
| internal | thisrespiration happens in the tissues throughout the body |
| systemic capillary, atp | oxygen diffuses from _________ _____________ blood into tissue cells - cells constantly use oxygen to make _______ - internal respiration |
| systemic capilaries | in internal respiration blood drops to 40mmHg by the time it exits the ________ ____________ |
| tissue cells | in internal respiration carbon dioxide diffuses from _________ ________ into systemic capillaries - cells constantly make carbon dioxide |
| 45 mmHg | in internal respiration carbon dioxide diffuses from tissue cells into systemic capillaries - cells constantly make carbon dioxide - Pco2 blood reaches ______ |
| 25, 75 | at rest only about ____% of the available oxygen is used - deoxygenated blood would retain ____% of its oxygen capacity |
| higher | the rate of pulmonary and systemic exchange depends on partial pressures of gases - alveolar Po2 must be _________ than blood Po2 for diffusion to occur - this can be a problem with increasing altitude |
| faster, hypoxia, hypercapnia | the rate of pulmonary and systemic gas exchange depends on molecular weight and solubility of gases - O2 has a lower molecular weight and should diffuse __________ than CO2 except for it's low solubility - when diffusion is slow, ___________ occurs before _____________ |
| systemic capillaries | blood O2 level drops by the time it exits the __________ __________ |
| tissue | co2 goes from the ________ to the systemic capillaries |
| 25 | at rest we only use _____% of available O2 |
| plasma | only about 1.5% of oxygen is dissolved in __________ |
| hemoglobin | 98.5% of oxygen is bound to _____________ in red blood cells |
| heme | ________ contains 4 iron atoms - each can bind with one O2 molecule - it is the part that binds wi O2 |
| iron | heme portion of hemoglobin contains 4 _________ atoms - each can bind with one O2 molecule |
| oxyhemoglobin | heme portion of hemoglobin contains 4 iron atoms - each can bind with one O2 molecule - making _____________ |
| diffuse, dissociate | heme portion of hemoglobin contains 4 iron atoms - each can bind with one O2 molecule - making oxyhemoglobin - only dissolved portion can _______ out of blood into cells - the oxygen must be able to bind and __________ from the heme |
| O2 | relationship between hemoglobin and oxygen partial pressure - the higher the Po2 the more _____ combines with Hb |
| oxyhemoglobin | the relationship between hemoglobin and oxygen partial pressure - the higher the Po2 the more O2 combines with Hb - fully saturated it will completely convert to |
| hemoglobin, oxygen | the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin expresses the average saturation of _________ with _______ |
| pulmonary capillaries, tissues | O2 loads onto Hb in the _________ __________ - it then dissolves it does not unload in _____________ - O2 is not held and is unloaded |
| released (dissolved) | oxygen must be able to bind and be ___________ - it can not in tissue |
| 75 | ____% of oxygen will remain attached to the hemoglobin - doesn't go to tissue |
| saturated | oxyhemoglobin is fully __________ - oxygen to hemoglobin |
| acidity, Pco2, temperature | there are other factors that will affect the affinity curve of hemoglobin and oxygen - what are 3 |
| affinity curve | when you work out, you get a build up of lactic acid, co2, heat and waste - this will affect the ________ _____________ |
| decreases | as acidity increases (ph decreases) affinity of Hb for O2 ___________ |
| oxygen | Pco2 will shift the affinity curve to the right - as Pco2 rises, Hb unloads ___________ more easily |
| low blood ph (acidic) | _____ ________ ______ results from high Pco2 |
| bohr effect | as acidity increases (low ph) affinity of Hb for O2 decreases - increasing acidity enhances unloading of O2 and shifts the curve to the right - this is called the ________ __________ |
| hemoglobin | increased acidity (low ph) will cause O2 to unload from ___________ more readily - decreased affinity |
| ph, increase | with low pressure of CO2 you will have lower ________ of blood and the affinity of Hb to O2 will _____________ |
| released | within limits, as temperature increases more oxygen is ___________ from Hb |
| hypothermia | during ____________, more oxygen remains bound to Hb |
| ciatic | in low temperatures o2 will not disassociate as readily - target tissues can become ________ (dying cells) |
| affinity | fetal hemoglobin has a higher ___________ for oxygen than adult hemoglobin |
| 30 | Hb-F can carry up to _____% more oxygen |
| transferred | the maternal blood's oxygen is readily ___________ to fetal blood |
| 7, 23, 70 | carbon dioxide is transported by the following - ____% is dissolved to gas, ______% combines with aminco acids including those in Hb (carbamino compounds), ______% is transported in plasma as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) |
| amino acids, carbaminohemoglobin | about 23% of carbon dioxide combines with _______ ________ including those in Hb - making _____________________ |
| placenta | oxygen is picked up from the mother via the ___________ - to the fetus |
| 30 | fetal blood can carry up to ______% more oxygen - than the mom's |
| HCO3- | the majority of carbon dioxide is transported in plasma as _________ |
| carbonic anhydrase | enzyme __________ _________ forms carbonic acid (H2CO3) which dissociates into H+ and HCO3- |
| rbc's | HCO3- accumulates inside ______ as they pick up carbon dioxide - some diffuses out into plasma |
| plasma | chloride shift - to balance the loss of negative ions, chloride moves into rbc's from ___________ |
| reverse | chloride shift - to balance the loss of negative ions, chloride moves into rbc's from plasma - the ______________ happens in lungs |
| pneumothorax | this is air in pleural cavity - negative pressure can not be generated |
| emphysema | this is an accumulation of air in terminal bronchioles and alveolar sacs - air is stuck there and will not move - can't exhale it - reduces area available for gas exchange of O2 |
| pneumonia | this is inflammation of the lungs |
| pleurasy | this is inflammation of pleura - associated with fluid in pleural cavity |
| asthma | this is due to excessive stimulation of vagus nerve - can't get air in |
| thoracentesis | this is a puncture to get fluid out - done after accumulation of fluid at the mid axillary in the 10th intercostal space |
| hiccup | this is a spasm of the diaphragm - vocal cord and glottis make sound - it is from stimulation of the phrenic nerve |
| phrenic nerve | if you have chronic hiccups they will crush the _________ __________ - does not cause permanent damage |
| laryngitis | this is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the larynx - dry, sore throat |
| 26 | fetal lungs develop in week |
| surfactant | fetal lungs develop in week 26 - this is when ______________ begins to be secreted |
| surfactant | if child is born before week 26 will try to breath but lung will collapse because there's no secretion of ________________ |
| stimulate production | drugs can be used to ____________ _____________ of surfactant |
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