Patho Midterm
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90 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 mitochondria | cell part that synthesizes ATP and converts food nutrients to a fuel that the cells of the body can use |
| lysosomes | cell part that contains digestive enzymes that break down harmful cell products and waste materials and then force them out of the cell |
| ribosomes | cell part that synthesized proteins |
| transcription | the process in the nucleus where the DNA makes and RNA molecule |
| Translation | the process outside the nucleus at the ribosome where the RNA directs the synthesis of proteins |
| karyotype | an organized picture of all the chromosomes |
| centromere | this divides the chromosome into 2 segments |
| p arm | the arm of the chromosome that is the short upper segment |
| q | the arm of the chromosome that is the long lower segment |
| tumor supressor gene | this is a gene that control cell proliferation by preventing malignant transformation of normal cells |
| oncogene | a naturally ocuring gene which when activated will trigger malignant transformation of normal cells |
| aerobic | metabolism that produces 34 ATP in the presence of oxygen |
| anaerobic | metabolism that produces 2 ATP and Lactic acid in the absence of oxygen |
| free radicals | this is an agent that harms the plasma membrane |
| hypoxia | the most common cause of cell injury |
| infarction | this is localized area of tissue death caused by lack of blood supply |
| apoptosis | programmed death of mass cells |
| atrophy | this is a decrease in cell size |
| hypertrophy | this is an increase in cell size |
| hyperplasia | this is an increased number of cells/tissue mass |
| metaplasia | this is when 1 type of cell is replaced by another type of cell |
| dysplasia | this is disordered cells which have lost normal architectural arrangement |
| neoplasia | this is when cells have lack of normal cell function and keep dividing uncontrollably, are invasive and destructive to surrounding cells |
| GERD | this disorder leas to chronic symptoms of muscosal damage produced by an abnormal reflux of the stomach acid to the esophagus |
| Barret's Esophagus | this is a form of metaplasia where the normal squamous epithelium lining of the espophagus is replaces by metaplastic columnar epithelium |
| trabecular | type of bone that is most susceptible to osteoporotic failure |
| sympathetic agonist | a class of drug that increases heart rate, BP and stimulates bronchodilation |
| beta blocker | a class of drug that decreases heart rate, BP and stimulates bronchoconstriction |
| anti-cholinergics | a class of drugs that increases heart rate and decreases GI an GU function |
| vascular | a phase in healing that causes momentary vasoconstriction followed by long periods of vasodilation and capillary permeability leading to fluid shifts |
| cellular | WBC rush to the area and release pro-inflammatory mediators and ant-inflammatory mediators |
| chemotaxis | WBC rush to the injured area |
| exudate | purulent fluid, puss filled from injection that is high in protein and usually infectous material |
| transudate | clear fluid, mostly water that is filtrated blood without WBC's that is low in protein |
| lymphocytes | type of WBC that is high in a viral infection |
| neutrophils | type of WBC that is high in a bacterial infection |
| basophils, eosinophils | type of WBC that is high in allergic reactions |
| first intention | type of healing that is simple rapid healing, the wound is clean with no approximated edges |
| second intention | type of healing in which the wound is open and torn and missing tissue; needs cleaning of foreign matter and necrotic tissue |
| dehiscence | when stitches or sutures open up or break apart |
| keloid | excess epitheliazation, too much scar tissue |
| adhesions | scar tissue that is between internal organs |
| osmotic | the pressure that is created by the measurement of solutes compared to fluid in solution |
| hydrostatic pressure | is the force that is created by water volume in the blood, it pushes water out of the ECF |
| albumin | the major protein in the blood stream that exerts osmotic pressure |
| hypotonic | this solution has less solute therefore a higher water volume than blood |
| hypertonic | this solution has more solutes and therefore a lower water volume than blood |
| isotonic | this solution has the same amount of solute as blood and the same water volume as blood |
| hypotonic | you would treat cellular dehydration with this type of solution |
| isotonic | you would temporary replace blood or keep a vein open with this type of solution |
| hypertonic | you would treat cerebral edema with this type of solution |
| hypokalemia | this problem leads to muscle weakness, paresthesias, cardiac dysrythmias and the presence of a U wave on an ECg |
| hyperkalemia | this problems leads to muscle cramps, paresthesias, cardiac arrest and a peaked T wave in the ECG |
| Hypocalcemia | this condition results ins skeletal muscle irratibility, muscle cramping, tetany, bone weaking and Chyostek and Trousseau's signs |
| Hypercalcemia | this condition results in muscle weakness, decreased neuromuscular excitability, sluggist intestinal peristalsis, kidney sontes and constipation |
| Chyostek's sign | this is when there is a facial spam with tapping on a person's cheek |
| Trousseau's sign | this is a wrist spam when BP cuff constricts the arm |
| tetany | this is an involuntary muscle contraction due to excessive phosphate and low calcium levles |
| Aldosterone | this hormone causes the increase reabsorption of sodium and water and the release of potassium in the kidneys |
| atherogenesis | the building of artheromatous plaque in the blood vessels |
| 200 | what is the recommended value of total blood cholesterol (less than) |
| 100 | what is the recommended value of LDL level (less than) |
| 60 | what is the recommended value of HDL level (higher than) |
| 150 | the recommended level of triglycerides is les than |
| 140/90 | hypertension is defined as a BP greater than |
| embolism | this is caused by traveling pieces of plaque that cause a blockage |
| thrombus | a clot |
| aneurysm | this is the weakening of the walls of an artery, which makes them prone to rupture |
| Premature ventricular contraction | this is cause when the ventricle beats independently and too early and doesn't allow itself to repolarize adequately |
| V Tach | ventricle is beating rapidly on its own and not waiting for an atrial contaction nor a signal from the SA or AV nodes |
| orthopnea | this is difficulty breathing while lying down |
| PND | this is awakening at night SOB due to hypoxia |
| Angiotensin receptor blocker | this type of medication blocks the receptor of Angiotensin 2, therefore doesn't allow it to do its effects |
| ACE inhibitor | this type of medication inhibits ACE that will block angiotensin 2 formation |
| Cor Pulmonale | pulmonary lung disease that increases pulmonary artery pressure that leads to pulmonary hypertension and RVF |
| preload | the amount of venous blood returned to the right atrium of the heart/ amount of blood that will enter the ventricle |
| afterload | the resistance against the ventricles, the amount of pressure that the ventricle must pump against |
| Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure | this is hydrostatic pressure inside the capillaries of the lungs |
| cardiac output | the amount of blood ejected from the L ventricle per minute |
| stroke volume | the amount of blood ejected with each contraction of the LV |
| central venous pressure | measurement of the IVC and SVC pressure |
| intermittent claudication | this is pain in the calf that occurs with a predictable level of activity or distance |
| bruit | swishing sound that is due to turbulent blood from an artery anerurysm or artery stenosis |
| Paynaud's phenomenon | this is damage to the arteries that when exposed to cold, fingers and toes going into transient vasospam and exhibit tricolor change ( Red, BLue and White) |
| Burger's disease | this is an extreme vasoconstriction of arterioles and extreme vasospastic inflammation of the arterioles in distal fingertips |
| venous insufficiency | this occurs when an incompetent valve allows blood to pool in lower extremities which causes less blood flow up to heart and sluggish venous blood flow |
| varicose veins | dilated, tortuous, ropy stretched out superifical veins of the lower extremities that occur due to an extra- abdominal pressure obstructing blood flow back to the heart |
| Virchow's triad | this show the predispoing factors to DVT |
| DVT | this is an inflammation of a deep vein which causes the formation of a thrombus |
| homan's sign | this occurs when dorisflexion of foot causes calf pain |
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