Thoracic Limb Muscles
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Created by:
stephanieross on October 3, 2010
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100 terms
Latin | English |
|---|---|
| Trapezius |  Attaches to spine of the scapulaElevate and abduct forelimb |
| Omotransversarius | Attaches to spine of the scapula Advances the forelimb/Flexes neck laterally |
| Brachiocephalicus | Attaches to clavicular intersection Advances the forelimb/Extends glenohumeral joint/Draws head and neck to the side |
| Latissimus dorsi | Attaches to greater tubercle of the humerus Digging Innervated by Thoracodorsal Nerve |
| Superficial pectoral muscles Descending and Transverse | Attaches to greater tubercle of the humerus Adduct the forelimb |
| Cutaneous Trunci | Attaches to skin Twitches the skin Innervated by Lateral Thoracic Nerve! |
| Sternocephalicus | Attaches to the manubrium Draws head and neck to the side |
| Sternohyoideus Sternothyroideus | Attaches to first costal cartilage Pull tongue and larynx caudally |
| Deep pectoral muscle | Attaches to greater tubercle of the humerus Adduct the forelimb |
| Rhomboideus | Attaches to dorsal border of the scapula Elevate the forelimb |
| Serratus ventralis | Attaches to serrated face of the scapula Supports the trunk |
| Deltoideus | Attaches to spine of the scapula/Deltoid tuberosity Flexes the glenohumeral joint |
| Supraspinatus | Attaches to supraspinous fossa Extends/Stabilizes the glenohumeral joint |
| Infraspinatus | Attaches to infraspinous fossa Flexes/Stabilizes the glenohumeral joint (FEARS) Antagonist of subscapularis |
| Teres minor | Attaches to teres minor tuberosity of the humerus Flexes the glenohumeral joint |
| Subscapularis | Attaches to subscapular fossa Extends the glenohumeral joint (EARS) Antagonist of infraspinatus |
| Teres major | Attaches to teres major tuberosity of the humerus Flexes the glenohumeral joint |
| Tensor fasciae antebrachii | Attaches to olecranon Extends the elbow |
| Triceps brachii Long head, Lateral head, Medial head, and Accessory head (only in canine) | Attaches to olecranon All heads extend the elbow, Long head flexes the glenohumeral joint |
| Anconeus | Attaches to olecranon Extends the elbow |
| Biceps brachii (2 tendons in equine) | Attaches to supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula Flexes the elbow/Extends the glenohumeral joint |
| Brachialis | Attaches to proximal lateral surface of humerus Flexes the elbow |
| Extensor carpi radialis | Attaches to lateral supracondylar crest of humerus Extends the carpus |
| Common digital extensor | Attaches to lateral epicondyle of humerus Extends the carpus and digits 2-5 (Equine extends digit 3, Bovine extends digits 3-4) |
| Lateral digital extensor | Attaches to lateral epicondyle of humerus Extends the carpus and digits 3-5 (Equine extends digit 3, Bovine extends digit 4) |
| Ulnaris lateralis | Attaches to accessory carpal bone Flexes the carpus |
| Supinator | Attaches to lateral epicondyle of humerus Supination |
| Abductor pollicus longus (Extensor carpi obliques) | Attaches to lateral cranial surface of ulna Abduct first digit/Extends the carpus |
| Pronator teres (only in small animals) | Attaches to medial epicondyle of humerus Pronation |
| Flexor carpi radialis | Attaches to medial epicondyle of humerus Flexes the carpus |
| Superficial digital flexor | Attaches to medial epicondyle of humerus Flexes the carpus and proximal joints of digits 2-5 |
| Flexor carpi ulnaris | Attaches to accessory carpal bone Flexes the carpus |
| Deep digital flexor | Attaches to medial epicondyle of humerus Flexes the carpus and digits 2-5 |
| Pronator quadratus | Attaches between radius and ulna Pronation |
| Interosseous (Suspensory ligament in equine) | Attaches to base of metacarpals Flexes metacarpophalangeal joint |
| Subclavius (only large animals) | Attaches to sternum Adducts the forelimb |
| Coracobrachialis | Attaches to coracoid process of scapula Important proprioceptor |
| Lacertus fibrosus | Long tendon of biceps, connects with extensor carpi radialis, part os stay apparatus |
| Mammae | Canine-4 thoracic, 4 abdominal, 2 inguinal Feline-4 thoracic, 2 abdominal, 2 inguinal Bovine-4 inguinal Equine/Ovine/Caprine-2 inguinal |
| Dorsal elastic ligament | Retracts the claw |
| Medial digital extensor (bovine only) | Attaches to lateral epicondyle of humerus Extends digit 3 |
| Lymph nodes | Superficial cervical-deep to omotransversarius Axillary-armpit Cranial deep cervical |
| Cutaneous colli (large animal only) | Attaches to manubrium Covers caudal half of jugular groove |
| Omohyoideus (large animal only) | Between jugular vein and carotid sheath Assists in swallowing |
| Carotid Sheath | Contains: common carotid artery, vagosympathetic trunk, recurrent laryngeal nerve, sometimes internal jugular vein |
| Nuchal ligament (absent in feline) | Helps support the head, 2 parts-funiculus nuchae, lamina nuchae, continuous with supraspinous ligament |
| Cranial nuchal bursa | Between funiculus nuchae and atlas "Poll Evil" |
| Caudal nuchal bursa | Between funiculus nuchae and axis |
| Supraspinous bursa | Between funiculus nuchae and spinous processes of T2-4 "Fistulous Withers" |
| Stay apparatus | Allows horse to stand for extended periods of time with minimal muscular effort. Tendon of origin of biceps brachii is pulled taught and flexes the glenohumeral joint and extends the elbow. lacertus fibrosus and tendon of extensor carpi radialis keep the carpus extended. suspensory ligaments and proximal and distal check ligaments also keep carpus extended. fetlock is supported by suspensory, check and SDF,DDF tendons and straight sesmoidean ligament. SDF,DDF, and extensor branches of suspensory support the pastern and coffin joints. |
| Bursae | Synovial fluid filled sac between tendon and bone to reduce friction |
| Infraspinatus bursa | Between infraspinatus tendon and greater tubercle of humerus |
| Intertubercular bursa (Bicipital bursa in large animals) | Between biceps brachii tendon and intertuburcular groove Canine-communicates with glenohumeral joint does not in equine |
| Subcutaneous olecranon bursa Subtendinous olecranon bursa | Between skin and olecranon Between tendon of long head tricep and olecranon |
| Navicular bursa | Between DDF tendon and navicular bone |
| Daily Fluid Maintenance | kg x 50=mls/day |
| Fluid losses | Sensible losses (urine) 27-40ml/kg/day Insensible losses (respiration) 13-20ml/kg/day Ongoing losses (v/d) |
| Hydration guidelines | <5% no signs 5-6% subtle skin tenting 6-8% definite skin tenting, slight CRT delay, tacky mm 10-12% skin stays tented, possible shock, CRT delay, dry mm, sunken eyes 12-15% shock, death imminent |
| Dehydration Fluid Calculation | % dehydrated (decimal) x kg x 1000=ml plus maintenance/24=ml/hr |
| Sweeney | Suprascapular paralysis due to nerve damage from trauma, more prevalent in equine due to no acromion |
| Glenohumeral joint | shoulder joint |
| Antebrachiocarpal joint (Radiocarpal joint in equine/bovine) | proximal carpal joint |
| Carpometacarpal joint | distal carpal joint |
| Metacarpophalangeal joint (Fetlock in equine/bovine) | most proximal joint of digits |
| Cannon bone | Metacarpal 3 in equine Fused metacarpal 3+4 in bovine |
| Long pastern | Proximal phalanx in equine/bovine |
| Short pastern | Middle phalanx in equine/bovine |
| Coffin bone | Distal phalanx in equine/bovine |
| Pastern Joint Coffin Joint | Proximal interphalangeal joint Distal interphalangeal joint |
| Chestnut Ergot | Remnants of carpal pad Remnants of metacarpal pad |
| Collateral ligaments | All joints except glenohumeral joints have medial and lateral collateral ligaments |
| Ligaments of the large animal carpal joint | palmar carpal ligament, flexor retinaculum, collateral ligaments |
| Fetlock ligaments | palmar annular ligament, collateral ligaments |
| Proximal sesmoid ligaments Distal sesmoid ligament | straight sesmoidean, oblique sesmoidean, cruciate sesmoidean, intersesmoidean, collateral sesmoidean navicular ligament(impar) |
| Wall of hoof parts | toe, quarters and heal |
| Coronary band | junction between skin and hoof |
| Hoof bottom | sole, frog (central groove/collateral sulcus), bars, bulbs of heel |
| White line | unpigmented part of stratum medium and stratum internum (where farriers place nails for shoeing) |
| Point of the shoulder | greater tubercle in equine-cranial part of greater tubercle |
| Layers of hoof wall | stratum externum (cuticle), stratum medium, stratum internum |
| Stratum externum | perioplic epidermis |
| Stratum medium | coronary epidermis |
| Stratum internum | laminar epidermis |
| Corium (dermis) | perioplic corium, coronary corium, laminar corium, corium of the sole, corium of the frog |
| Digital cushion | along with ungual cartilages assist venous return when horse bears weight on hoof |
| Joint pouches | dorsal and palmar pouches of fetlock, pastern, coffin |
| Extrinsic vs Intrinsic | attach limb to the axial skeleton vs extend between bones that compose the limb itself |
| Extrinsic muscles of thoracic limb | superficial pectorals, deep pectoral, brachiocephalicus, omotransversarius, trapezius, rhomoideus, latissimus dorsi, serratus ventralis |
| Intrinsic muscles of shoulder | deltoideus, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, supraspinatus, teres major, teres minor, coracobrachialis |
| Intrinsic muscles of brachium | triceps brachii, biceps brachii, brachialis, tensor fasciae antebrachii, anconeus |
| Intrinsic muscles of antebrachium | extensor carpi radialis, common digital extensor, lateral digital extensor, ulnaris lateralis, flexor carpi ulnaris, superficial digital flexor, deep digitial flexor, flexor carpi radialis, supinator, pronator teres, pronator quadratus, abductor pollicus longus |
| Jugular groove muscles | canine-cleidocephalicus, sternocephalicus equine-brachiocephalicus, omotransversarius, sternocephalicus, omohyoideus, cutaneous colli |
| Crepitus | crackling sound of bone fragments rubbing together, can also mean the sound of flatus in the bowels |
| Tuber, tubercle, tuberosity | swelling, nodule, elevation, protuberance on a bone |
| -centesis | tapping or perforation |
| Onychectomy | removal of the distal phalanx and claws (declawing) |
| Carpal bones-canine | proximal-radial, ulnar, accessory distal-1,2,3,4 |
| Carpal bones-equine | proximal-radial, intermediate, ulnar, accessory distal-1,2,3,4 (1 may be absent, 3 is largest) |
| Carpal bones-bovine | proximal-radial, intermediate, ulnar, accessory distal-fused 2/3, 4 (1 is absent) |
| Metacarpal bones | equine-2-4, 3-cannon, 2+4 splint bones-distal ends form buttons bovine-fused 3/4, 2+5 small dewclaws |
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