1.
common lands: open meadows for hay and natural pasture for draft horses and oxen - part of medieval farming system pre-enclosure
2.
Cornelius Vermuyden: - Dutch engineer
- directed drainage projects in York and Cambridge - reclaimed 40K acres and farmed them intensively in the Dutch style
3.
cottage industry: manufacturing with hand tools in peasant cottages
4.
Creoles: people of Spanish blood born in America, wealthy merchants
5.
debt peonage: a planter/rancher kept the estate's Christianized Indians in perpetual debt bondage - advanced food, shelter and a little $
6.
economic enslavement: enslavement in which captors act solely for material gain
7.
enclosure: compact, fenced-in, more efficient fields
8.
fallow: - soil exhaustion (nitrogen depletion) - couldn't plant anything for year, part of 3 year crop rotation
9.
guild: had a set of privileges from the Crown, local Christian men with experience who paid lots of $ for membership and had completed a masterpiece
10.
industrious revolution: - households in NW Europe stepped up pace of work
- redirected labor of women/children towards wage work (as opposed to production of goods for the household)
- consumption relied on market-produced goods, not home-produced
11.
Jethro Tull: English innovator who developed better agricultural methods through empirical research:
- horses for plowing (not slow oxen)
- sowing seed with drilling equipment
- selective breeding of livestock
12.
mercantilism: European system of economic regulations to increase power of the state
13.
Mestizos: offspring of Spanish men and Indian women
14.
Navigation Acts: - required most goods imported from Europe into England/Scotland to be carried on British ships or on ships of the country producing the article
- gave Britain a virtual monopoly on trade with the colonies
15.
Olaudah Equiano: - slave who made money trading on the side
- paid owner for himself, got manumission deed
- wrote autobiography + denounced slavery
- encouraged people to uphold Christian beliefs and treat Africans equally
16.
open field agriculture: - land was divided into several large fields that were cut into long, narrow strips
- fields were open and not enclosed
- each family followed the same pattern of plowing/sowing/harvesting
17.
political enslavement: enslavement in the pursuit of power (civil wars, international wars of aggression, civil disorder following a state's collapse)
18.
proletarianization: - elimination of common rights -> market-orietned estate proletariat
- small peasant farmers -> landless rural wage earners
- tiny minority of English landowners had most of the land and relied on a workforce of landless laborers
19.
putting-out system: merchant loaned raw materials to cottage workers -> workers processed raw materials at home -> returned finished products to merchant
20.
serf: eastern Europe: peasants bound to their lords in hereditary service
21.
Seven Years' War: - France vs. Britain
- Fighting in North America to conquer Canada
- France lost its territories in North America
22.
three-year crop rotation: crop rotation system introduced after Middle Ages
23.
War of the Spanish Succession: - war that resulted when Louis XIV accepted Spanish crown willed to his grandson (Spain/France union threatened British colonies)
- French had to cede Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Hudson Bay to Britain
- Spain had to give Britain control of its W. African slave trade + let Britain send a ship of merchandise into its colonies each year
