Greek History 2
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96 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What was the cause of the rage of Achilles? | He felt dishonored because the woman he had won as spoils of war had been taken from him. He later also grieved the death of his friend Patroclus. |
| Greek heroic ideal | The values of honor, glory, and arete exemplified in the Iliad |
| Honor in the Iliad | The public esteem of one's fellow warriors in this life. |
| Arete | Virtue, manly pride, excellence, achievement of one's potential, soldierly valor, the essential quality of a noble man. |
| Fate | Among the Greeks, it means "portion" or "division." Has the sense of one's portion in life, what is one's due. Also means the will of Zeus. |
| Where did Hector expect to find Andromache? | at his sister's house or the shrine of Athena |
| Why might Andromache wish to placate the goddess Athena? | she was the god who worked on the side of the Achaeans |
| Where had Andromache gone? | to the Scaean Gates |
| "Reckless one, my Hector - your own fiery courage will destroy you!" Which Greek virtue does this represent? | arete |
| "(Hector) burned his corpse in all his blazoned bronze, then heaped a grave-mound high above the ashes." Which Greek virtue does this represent? | respect for the dead |
| Why did Andromache say that Hector is now her father, mother and brother, too? | She had lost all her family at the hands of Achilles |
| For what reason would Hector "die of shameto face the men of Troy?" | if he would shrink from battle, a coward |
| What is the reward for "standing up bravely, always to fight in the front ranks of Trojan soldiers?" | glory |
| What is the most painful thought of all for Hector? | that Andromache will be carried off in tears, "wrenching away her day of light and freedom." |
| What was Hector's young son afraid of? | "the flashing bronze, the horsehair crest, the great ridge of the helmet nodding, bristling terror" |
| What does Hector say "no man alive can escape?" | fate |
| When Andromache returned to her home, what did she find? | women gathered , stirred "to a high pitch of mourning", raising dirges for the dead, though Hector was till alive |
| When Apollo taunts Achilles, what does he tell the hero what will never be his (Apollo's) fate? | to die |
| Priam says that it's fine and noble if a young man goes down in war. What does he say is "the cruelest sight in all our wretched lives?" | when an old man is killed and "the dogs go at the gray head." |
| "but he (Priam) could not shake the fixed resolve of Hector." | arete |
| "the one who fled was great, but the one pursuing greater, even greater." Why is Achilles regarded as greater than Hector? | For the Greeks, courage and honor, resulting in glory, are the highest virtues and Achilles is unwavering |
| Why does Zeus' "heart grieve for Hector?" | Hector offered many sacrifices to him |
| Why is Athena angry with Zeus? | Hector's fate was sealed long ago |
| Which god fights for Hector? | Apollo |
| What is Athena's mean trick? | She appears in the guise of Hector's brother, Deiphobus, whom he thinks has come to aid him in combat with Achilles |
| Why is Hector's promise not to mutilate Achilles' body ironic? | Because, when he kills Hector, Achilles mutilates his body |
| Hector cried aloud, "My time has come." | fate |
| "Well let me die..in some great clash of arms that even men to come will hear of down the years." | glory |
| What was the annual custom of the Athenians in the time of Pericles? | an public funeral for the first to die in war |
| When Pericles speaks of the "courage and manliness" of the dead, which Homeric virtue was he referring to? | glory |
| "By their courage and their virtues" the ancestors have | handed on to the Athenians a free country |
| What is the "Constitution" according to Pericles? | an unwritten set of political values |
| In Athens, everyone is equal before the... | law |
| How do the Athenians behave toward their neighbors? | free and tolerant |
| How does Pericles describe the Athenians' appreciation of beauty? | in their homes they find beauty and good taste |
| Despite their love of beauty and learning, the Athenians are not | soft |
| What is, according to Pericles, the meaning of manliness? | death in battle, glory |
| Who does Pericles say the Athenians "put their trust in?" | themselves |
| What two things are "good fortune"? | to end one's life in honor and for others to honorably lament us. |
| "The last pleasure, when one is worn out with age, is not making money, but.. | having the respect of one's fellow man |
| What is the "glor" of women? | Not to be talked about by men |
| Why is Greek art said to be "evolutionary?" | it was a process of refinement, working within a long established tradition, and changing slowly |
| Define "order" in architecture | The combination of architectural elements which appear repeatedly together |
| What is the origin of the Doric order? | northeast Peloponnese in the 7th c. BC |
| Describe the Doric column | no base, shallow flutes, simple capital |
| flute | vertical carved grooves in a column |
| architrave | the horizontal element above the columns; supports frieze |
| frieze | above architrave; contains triglyphs and metopes |
| triglyphs | three vertical lines in a rectangle; alternates with metopes |
| metopes | the carved or painted rectangular panel between the triglyphs of a doric frieze |
| cornice | projecting molding on building (usually above columns or pillars) |
| pediment | In classical architecture, the triangular space (gable) at the end of a building, formed by the ends of the sloping roof above the colonnade; also, an ornamental feature having this shape. |
| What is the origin of the Ionic order? | Asia Minor and the Aegean in 7th c. BC |
| Describe the Ionic capital | tall and thin with elaborately carved bases and capitals with volutes; no frieze |
| volute | ornament from Ionic capital resembling a rolled scroll |
| Describe the Corinthian capital | basket shaped covered with acanthus leaves and plant tendrils |
| Who favored the Corinthian order? | the Romans |
| What way of life did Greek architecture serve? | public, communal, outside |
| Vitruvius | Great Roman architect of the time of Augustus (27BC - 14 AD) who wrote 10 books on architecture |
| cella | the chief room of a Greek temple, where the statue of the god was located and, frequently, the temple's treasure was kept. |
| pronaos | The enclosed vestibule of a Greek or Roman temple, found in front of the cella and marked by a row of columns at the entrance. |
| liturgy | (n) a religious service or rite; the form of a ritual or other act of public worship |
| stoa | long colonnaded building used as market, magistrates' headquarters, museum, store-room |
| odeon | A kind of theater in ancient Greece, smaller than the dramatic theater and roofed over, |
| bouleuteria | a building which housed the council of citizens (boule) in Ancient Greece. |
| palaestra or palaistra | a public place in ancient Greece or Rome devoted to the training of wrestlers and other athletes |
| gymnasium | a sports complex, which also functioned as an important social and educational center in classical Greece |
| materials used by Greeks for sculpture | marble, bronze, gold, ivory, terracotta, wood |
| polychrome | having or exhibiting many colors |
| How have the names of Greek artists come down to us? | In the writings of Pliny and Pausanius. Also, signatures in stone |
| How have many Greek masterpieces come down to us? | as Roman copies |
| Where would you find the sculpural elements on a Doric temple? | the pediments, metopes, apex and corners of roof |
| What type of scenes is most commonly depicted on Greek temples? | battle scenes |
| How might the sculptural scenes on the west pediment differ from those on the east pediment of a Greek temple? | East: calm West: battle scenes |
| cult statue | The statue of the deity that stood in the cella of an ancient temple |
| votive offering | A gift of gratitude or an offering made to a deity; often in the form of a small statuette. |
| koroi | Life-size votive statues. An archaic Greek standing statue of a naked male. |
| korai | Female votive offering with an extended hand; clothed upright statues of women, often of goddesses (generally the Archaic period) |
| relief | sculpture consisting of shapes carved on a surface so as to stand out from the surrounding background |
| sarcophagus | a stone coffin (usually bearing sculpture or inscriptions) |
| stela | grave stone, often carved with reliefs |
| themes displayed on Greek funeral monuments | deceased with family members; battle and hunting scenes, scenes from mythology and epics |
| Polykleitos | High Classical Sculptor; devised mathematical formula for representing the perfect male body; famous work=Doryphoros (bronze statue of young man holding spear) |
| Myron | one of history's greatest sculptors who lived in the golden age. sculped the famous figure the Discus Thrower |
| Phidias | sculptor of the Parthenon marbles |
| Praxiteles | a sculptor who lived after Phidias who sculpted figures that were more lifelike and natural in form and size. |
| Lysippos | court sculptor of Alexander the Great; sculpted slender proportions |
| Why is pottery a primary dating tool for scholars? | sherds of pottery survive at almost every level and are readily datable |
| krater | an ancient Greek wide-mouthed bowl for mixing wine and water |
| black figure style | figures in black glaze on natural clay; details incised |
| red figure style | natural clay color for figures and glazed background |
| What was the white ground style reserved for? | funeral monuments and votives at shrines |
| What themes are represented on Greek pottery? | myths, battle scenes, workshops, sports, dining, revelry, sex |
| What do we learn about Greek painting from Pliny and Pausanius? | monumental painting was important |
| Where can one find reasonably well-preserved Greek painting? | in tombs in Macedonia |
| Why do scholars believe that Pompeii paintings may have been by Greek artists? | similar themes and style; the Romans were active militarily in Macedonia in 2nd c. BC |
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