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Zoology the study of animals (and animal cells) Taxonomy classification of living organisms based on similar structural molecular (genetic), and developmental characteristics Phylogeny attempts to explain how groups of animals are related in an evolutionary context taxonomic hierarchy scheme with increasing numbers of subgroups that have fewer and fewer numbers of organisms in them Kingdom the largest subgroup with the most organisms in it binomial nomenclature to name species phylogenic tree designed to show evolutionary relationships between groups of organisms Kingdom Protista -unicellular -consist of a single cell -lack tissues and organs (has organelles-subcellular structures that function like organs Kingdom Protista: Phylum Sarcomastigophora (Amoeba) -free living sarcodine; single cell -locomotion: pseudopodium -asexual repro through binary fission: forming two cells from one -contractile vacuole: collects water from cytoplasm and discharges outside of organism -osmoregulation: maintaining the correct water balance of the cytoplasm -Food vacuoles: membrane bound vesicles in cytoplasm; formed from the the plasma membrane of the pseudopodium -feeding: phagocytosis: digestive enzymes secreted into vacuole digest the food particles into soluble material that can pass across the membrane -usually move in one direction Kingdom Protista: Phylum Ciliophora (Paramecium) -free living -aquatic -move by cilia: fast -asexual (mitosis; binary fission) and sexual (fusion of two sets of gametes; meiosis; two indiv. come together and stick to each other by oral groove) -feeding= phagocytosis; and use oral groove -oral groove passes into the cytopharynx (gullet) -cytopyge-undigested waste gotten rid of in section of plasma membrane not covered with pellicle -process: yeast bacteria swept in to into oral groove by cilia, moves down the grove and is concentrated at cytosome, as move down the cytopharynx they are engulfed in food vacuole Kingdom Animalia: Phylum Porifera (sponges) -multicellular -tissue: loosely aggregate of cells -no organs -outer covering is one cell layer deep (cells called pinacocytes) -sexual and asexual reproduction -sexual: gametes fuse to form zygote (new cell) meiosis: haploid (1n)-1/2 # of chromosomes -diploid (2n)- full # of chromosomes -asexual: mitotic divisions of single amoebocyte; regenerate porocytes -form the many holes (pores) in the body of a sponge -channels that water passes through in the body choanocytes -long flagellum pulls in water from the environment -line the central cavity (spongocoel) osculum beating of the flagellum in the central cavity pulls water from the environment through the porocytes and sends it out THROUGH THIS amoebocytes accept food vacuole material from choanocytes sclerocyte -mobile cell -secretes the supporting skeletal structure into the middle layer of sponge spongocyte -adds strength and resiliency to sponge -fibrous protein secreted into the middle layer Meiosis -type of cell division= reduction of the # of chromosomes in a single cell -occurs in gonads that produce haploid (1N) gametes -result: 2 nuclear divisions; 4 daughter cells -first meiosis separates the homologous pair; second meiosis results in haploid (1N) daughter cells interphase chromosomes duplicate but remain joined at the centromere prophase I two homologous double-stranded chromosomes join and line up along their entire length=tetrad -crossing over can occur metaphase I tetrad lines up along the midline of cell anaphase I homologous chromosomes separate and move to the opposite sides of the cell telophase I -cytoplasm cleaved/furrow= two new cells -each daughter cell contains one double stranded chromosome interphase II -no DNA duplication occurs -new nuclear membranes form but disappear once again in prophase II Prophase II -centrioles duplicate and move to opposite ends of the two new cells -nuclear membranes disappear Metaphase II chromosomes line up in middle of each of the two cells Anaphase II -separate sister chromatids by pulling apart the centromeres -pull to opposite ends of the cell Telophase II -plasma membrane forms between the two chromosomes in each cell -nuclear membrane forms around each of the 4 separate chromosomes TERMS OF CILIOPHORA (PARAMECIUM) ... oral groove -at anterior end -lined with cilia: carry food into/down groove cytosome cell mouth cytopharynx tube structure that hold food particles until engulfed into food vacuole (formed by phagocytosis) cytopyge undigested waste gotten rid of in section of plasma membrane not covered with pellicle pellicle thick covering of cell contractile vacuole rid the cell of excess water macronucleus -large, dark structure -controls metabolic functions (production of proteins and digestive enzymes) micronucleus -small, dark structure -controls reproductive and hereditary functions