Skeletal System
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37 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 hemopoiesis | the process of making red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the red bone marrow |
| metaphysis | the region between the diaphysis and epiphyses that contains the growth plates |
| endosteum | a thin membrane that lines the internal bone surface facing the medullary cavity |
| osseous tissue | a hard connective tissue containing an abundant mineralized extracellular matrix that surrounds widely separated cells |
| hydroxyapatite | a crystallized mineral salt in bone matrix that forms when calcium phosphate combines with calcium hydroxide |
| calcification | the process where mineral salts are deposited in the collagen fiber framework, hardening the bone matrix |
| tensile strength | this describes how the collagen fibers of bone enable it to resist being stretched or torn apart |
| osteogenic cell | an unspecialized stem cell that is the only bone cell that can undergo cell division; the resulting cells develop into osteoblasts |
| compact bone tissue | the strongest form of bone tissue that makes up the bulk of the diaphysis of a long bone |
| central canal | a space running longitudinally through an osteon of bone, containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves |
| concentric lamellae | rings of calcified extracellular matrix layered around the central canal of an osteon |
| interstitial lamella | an area between osteons that is a remnant of older osteons that have been partially destroyed during bone rebuilding or growth |
| spongy bone tissue | this consists of an irregular latticework of thin plates of bone called trabeculae, with spaces in-between filled with red bone marrow |
| trabeculae | the irregular latticework of thin bony plates in spongy bone tissue |
| periosteal artery | this enters the diaphysis of a bone through a perforating (Volkmann's) canal and delivers blood to the periosteum and outer part of compact bone tissue |
| nutrient artery | this passes through a foramen in compact bone, and enters the medullary cavity, where it divides into proximal and distal branches that supply both the inner compact bone tissue of the diaphysis and the spongy bone tissue and red marrow of the epiphyseal plates |
| intramembranous ossification | the process of bone formation in the flat bones of the skull and mandible, where bone forms directly within mesenchyme arranged in sheetlike layers that resemble membranes |
| endochondral ossification | the most common bone formation process, which involves the replacement of hyaline cartilage (developed by mesenchyme) with bone |
| ossification center | the cluster of mesenchymal cells that differentiate into osteoblasts at the site where bone will develop during intramembranous ossification |
| cartilage model | the hyaline cartilage that takes the shape of the future bone during endochondral ossification |
| perichondrium | an outer covering that develops around the cartilage model during ossification |
| primary ossification center | during endochondral ossificaiton, a region near the middle of the cartilage model where bone tissue replaces most of the disintegrating calcified cartilage |
| secondary ossification center | this develops in the epiphyses of bone during endochondral ossification |
| bone resorption | the breakdown of bone extracellular matrix by osteoclasts that is part of the normal development, maintenance, and repair of bone tissue |
| bone deposition | the addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by osteoblasts |
| comminuted fracture | describes when a bone is splintered, crushed, or broken into pieces, and smaller bone fragments are found in-between the broken ends |
| greenstick fracture | describes a partial fracture in children where one side of the bone is broken and the other side bends |
| impacted fracture | describes when one end of a fractured bone is forcefully driven into the interior of the other end |
| stress fracture | a series of microscopic fissures in bone that forms without any evidence of injury to other tissues, and results from repeated, strenuous activities such as running or jumping |
| fracture hematoma | a mass of clotted blood that forms around the site of a bone fracture within 6-8 hours after the injury |
| fibrocartilaginous callus | a mass of repair tissue consisting of collagen fibers and cartilage that bridges the broken ends of a bone within 3 weeks after the injury |
| bony callus | this forms during fracture repair when the fibrocartilage is converted to spongy bone; lasts 3-4 months |
| parathyroid hormone | the most important regulator of calcium ion exchange that increases blood calcium level |
| calcitonin | a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that decreases blood calcium level by inhibiting osteoclast activity |
| demineralization | a normal effect of aging on bone tissue involving the loss of calcium and other minerals from the extracellular matrix, which reduces bone mass |
| osteoporosis | an age-related disorder characterized by decreased bone mass and increased sensitivity to fractures, often as a result of decreased levels of estrogen |
| rickets | a disease of children that results from inadequate calcification of the extracellular bone matrix, usually due to a vitamin D deficiency; growing bones become "soft" or rubbery and are easily deformed |
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