Sociology
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57 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Large Sociological Perspectives | Structural functionalism Conflict Theory Symbolic Interactionism |
| Contemporary Theories | Critical Theory Feminist Theory Postmodernism |
| Structural Functionalism | Society is like a system with different parts that do different things; All parts of a society must function together for the society to work |
| Conflict Theory | Groups conflict over access to scarce resources; group conflict is constant in society |
| Symbolic Interactionism | Society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another |
| Emile Durkheim | Developed Structural Functionalism Saw the Industrialism Revolution as positive Society is held together by the need for each other |
| Karl Marx | Developed Conflict Theory Saw the Industrialism Revolution as negative Dehumanizing and oppressive system |
| Max Weber | Developed Symbolic Interactionism "Owners of companies don't know how to make their own product" |
| Critical Theory | Developed out of Conflict Theory's criticism Critical of power relationships embedded in all systems of society Mass culture is oppressive |
| Feminist Theory | Developed out of Conflict Theory's views on power How masculinity & femininity are maintained, enacted, changed in society |
| Postmodernism | Developed out of Symbolic Interactionism's ideas of socially constructed reality Distrustful of claims of "objectiviy" Pessimistic w/out coherent theories |
| Anomie | Not having rules, structures, norms |
| Macro-level theories | Work better with quantitative research methods; Structural Functionalism & Conflict Theory |
| Micro-level theories | Work better with qualitative research methods; Symbolic Interactionism |
| Quantitative Research Methods | Surveys, censuses Large Samples Broad amounts of info Generalizable to all populations |
| Qualitative Research Methods | Lengthy observations Few assumptions/hypotheses "Rich" data Small sample sizes Few numbers Not generalizable to large populations |
| Reliability | Ability for someone else to replicate your experiment and produce similar results |
| Validity | Experiment is testing what it is intended to |
| Principles of Research Ethics | Protect participants: Voluntary Participation Informed Consent Anonymity and Confidentiality Honest Reporting |
| Folkways | Little norms Easily broken Sanctions are small |
| Mores | Larger norms Connected to moral values Sanctions are larger |
| Taboos | Really big norms Not supposed to think of doing it Connected to strong moral values Sanctions are extreme |
| Laws | Any norm written down Sanctions are imposed by governing body |
| Ethnocentrism | Evaluating things in a different culture using your own cultural values "Our way is the right way" |
| Cultural Relativism | Evaluating things in a different culture using their own values |
| Sapir-Whorf hypotheses | Our language shapes our experience of the world |
| Cultural Universals | Patterns that occur in all known societies |
| Status | A position in society that someone fills |
| Ascribed Status | Statuses assigned to us that we can't control |
| Achieved Status | Statuses that we choose to attain through our efforts |
| Master Status | Status that becomes primary in our lives or minds |
| Roles | Sets of expectations assigned to a status |
| Role Performance | Our actual behavior in a role |
| Role Conflict | The expectations from two different statuses collide or compete |
| Socialization | The process of becoming a part of your social world, people acquire knowledge, language, values and behavior |
| Looking Glass Self | Charles Horton Cooley We imagine what other people think of us |
| Self Awareness | Self Concept Self Image Self-Esteem Self-Efficacy |
| Impression Management | Erving Goffman We constantly work to influence how others see us |
| Groups | Two or more people who are bound together in relatively stable patterns of social integration and who share a feeling of unity |
| Relationship | Two people linked together in a relatively stable set of expectations |
| Expressive Ties | Emotional links Powerful relationships |
| Instrumental Ties | Goal oriented ties Relationships end after goal has been achieved |
| Primary Group | Small group Informal,intimate interaction Expressive ties dominate |
| Secondary Group | Groups come together for a specific purpose Formal, goal-oriented interaction Instrumental ties dominate |
| In-Group | Group that you belong to "us" or "we" Provides social identity |
| Out-Group | Group you don't belong to "they" or "them" May want to join, may not |
| Social Loafing | People in groups work less hard than they would if they were working alone |
| Social Dilemmas | Group members are faced with either maximizing their own gain or maximizing the gain of the group |
| Reference Group | Used in social comparisons |
| Groupthink | Group decision-making process that prioritizes group cohesion over rational thinking Ex. NASA |
| Self Concept | Relatively stable idea of "who we really are" |
| Self Image | More temporary idea of ourselves in a given context |
| Self Esteem | The evaluation we make of ourselves |
| Self Efficacy | The belief that one can overcome obstacles and achieve goals |
| Reflected Appraisals | Messages we get from observing how others interact with us, based on body language, speech, facial expressions, etc. |
| Social Comparisons | Comparison based on reference groups, groups that we see as relevant references |
| Social Identity | Identity we create based on group memberships |
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