The molecules of cells
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Created by:
brandneweyes13 on October 5, 2010
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40 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Four major types of compounds | -Carbohydrates -Proteins -Lipids -Nucleic Acids |
| Carbon | Makes 4 covalent bonds |
| Protein | -Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen -Structure+functional compounds whose building blocks are amino acids |
| Amino Acids | -Proteins monomer -polypeptide= 1 amino acid chain -center=carbon, right= carboxyl group, left= amino chain, bottom=R group -Also acts as enzymes helping to control metabolic reactions in organisms -bond holding them to each other=peptide bonds |
| macromolecule | A large organic molecule. each small organic molecule is a unit of a macromolecule. |
| The four classes of macromolecules | Polysaccharides or carbohydrates, triglycerides or lipids, polypeptides or proteins, and nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA. |
| Three elements your body needs trace amounts of for proper functioning | Protein, potassium, and iron. |
| The smaller subunits that make up carbohydrates | Monosaccharides or simple sugars include glucose, galactose and fructose |
| Carbohydrates | -used by the body for energy and structural support in cell walls of plants |
| Three simple sugars combine to make | Disaccharides (double sugar joined by dehydration synthesis)-sucrose and polysaccharides- long chains like cellulose, chitin and glycogen 1. Glycogen-how animals store glucose 2. Starch-how plants store glucose 3. Cellulose- gives strength and rigidity to plant cell wall |
| Polypeptide | -Formed by amino acid chains -They join to form proteins |
| Lipids | -composed of c,h,o -long hydrocarbon chains "Family groups" -fats -phospholipids -steroids |
| Fats | -Structure=glycerol+fatty acids -fatty acid= long hydrocarbon "tail" with a carboxyl group "head" -Non-polar and hydrophobic |
| Dehydration synthesis | Two monomers come together and lose water |
| Triacylgcerol (subunit of fats) | 3 fatty acids linked to glycerol |
| Saturated fats (bad) | -Single bonds between carbon -long straight chain -solid at room temperature -animal fats -pack tight, well |
| Unsaturated fats (good) | -contain at least one double bond -plant and animal fats -vegetable oil -liquid at room temperature -dont pack well |
| Phospholipids | -glycerol+2 fatty acids+PO4 (neg charged) - fatty acid tails=hydrophobic (hide from H2O) -PO4 head= hydrophobic (attracted to H2O) -Make cell membranes |
| Steroids | 4 fused C rings+ functional group -diff structure= diff function ex. cholesterol, sex hormones |
| Cholesterol | -important cell component -animal cell membranes -precursor of all other steroids |
| Nucleic acids | -genetic material -stores info >genes >blue prints for building proteins > DNA->RNA->amino acids->proteins -transfers info |
| Nucleic Acid examples | RNA-single helix DNA-Double helix monomers=nucleotides |
| Nucleotides | 3 parts 1. nitrogen base 2. pentose sugar 3. phosphate group |
| Chemical reactions | change substances by breaking down and forming chemical bonds |
| Exothermic (exergonic) | energy released (taken out) |
| Endothermic (endergonic) | energy invested (put in) |
| Activation energy | -amount of energy needed to destabilize the bonds of a molecule -moves the reaction over an energy hill |
| Catalyst | reduces the amount of energy to start a reaction |
| Enzymes | -Made of proteins -biological catalysts -facilitate chemical reactions -highly specific -1 enzyme per reaction-team up for life |
| Substrate | reactant which binds to enzymes enzyme-substate complex; temporary association |
| Product | end result of reaction |
| Active site | enzymes catalytic site; substrate fits into active site |
| Inhibitors | molecules that reduce enzyme activity fits into reactive site but no rxn |
| competitive inhibitor | interfere with active site of enzyme so substrate cannot bind |
| non-competitive inhibitor | changes shape of enzyme so it cannot bind to substrate |
| Hydrolysis | breaks polymers into monomers |
| Condensation reaction | formers polymers into monomers |
| Is starch a lipid | no |
| Give three examples of lipids | -saturated fats -cholesterol -ear wax |
| Liquid fats called oils contain | fat molecules lined up side-by-side |
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