Cheltenham Molecular/Mendelian Genetics Final Review

Terms	Definitions
genotype	the genetic material of an individual (example: Aa or aa)
phenotype	a physical characteristic (example: tall)
DNA	genetic material that holds the instructions on how to make a specific protein
mRNA	responsible for carrying the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosomes
transcription	the process of DNA being used as a template to make mRNA
translation	the process of mRNA being used as a code language to make a protein
codon	the sequence of three RNA nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid
complete dominance	when one allele completely overshadows another
incomplete dominance	when a heterozygote is an intermediate between the two homozygotes
codominance	when the heterozygote illustrates both alleles completely
autosomal trait	determined by genes found on one of the first 22 pairs of chromosomes
sex-linked trait	determined by gene(s) found on the X or Y chromosome
heterozygous	having two different alleles (Aa)
homozygous	having two of the same alleles (AA or aa)
polygenic inheritance	a trait that has many different phenotypes because a variety of genes play a role in its expression
nucleus	the location of transcription in a eukaryotic cell
ribosome	the location of translation in all cells
tRNA	carries the complement of the mRNA strand and the appropriate amino acid
gene mutations	changes in DNA sequence that can lead to changes in protein structure
allele	variations of a gene
independent assortment	homologous chromosmes line up randomly during meiosis

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21 terms