Immunology 2
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26 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Describe the symptoms of acute inflammation? | Calor (heat), Dolor (pain), Rubor (red), Tumour (swelling) |
| What is acute inflammation? | short term, caused by physical damage, foreign substances, microorganisms |
| What is chronic inflammation? | months/ years |
| What is systemic inflammation? | metabolic syndrome: obesity, extent, duration, low grade, long term inflammation |
| What is inflammation caused by? | foreign organisms, damaged self tissue |
| What is inflammation not caused by? | Commensal bacteria, healthy self tissue |
| How is something recognised as being foreign? | PRR, PAMP |
| How is something recognised as being dangerous? | inflammasome |
| Describe the process of acute inflammation? | Neutrophils are the 1st inflammatory cells to arrive on the scene. They are attracted there by soluble chemoattractants such as interleukins. Interleukin 8 is released by damaged host cells. IL activates neutrophils causing them to migrate to damaged cells and ingest them. Neutrophils also secrete other chemokines such as MIP-a and MIP-B (macrophage inflammatory proteins) which recruit more macrophages. Phagocytosis and production of cytokines. |
| What is inflammasome? | multiprotein complex that promotes the maturation of inflammatory cytokines: Interleukin 1-B and interleukin 18 |
| What is the role of inflammasome in disease? | translates external foreign and danger signals into inflammatory mediators. Many autoimmune diseases have excess inflammation: target for therapy |
| What is the role of inflammasome in vaccination? | Adjuvants boost immune responses, used in vaccination eg aluminum salt used for some people |
| what is the role of cytokines? | Control immune responses: type, amplitude, duration Control remodelling of tissues: unschedueled (inflammation, infection, wounding, repair) |
| What is a characteristic of the communicating networks? | pleiotropic functions: overlapping or contradictory eg conc, target cell type, presence of other cytokines |
| What are the 2 types of cytokines in the innate immune response? | Anti inflammatory cytokines and pro inflammatory cytokines |
| What are some anti-inflammatory cytokines? | IK-10 and TGF-B |
| What are some inflammatory cytokines? | INFy, TNF, IKI-B, HMGB-1 |
| What are the functions of pro-inflammatory cytokines | Flavour inflammation/ Endogenous pyrogens (increase thermoregulatory set point)/ Up regulate synthesis of other pro inflammatory cytokines/ Stimulate production of acute phase proteins (liver, change blood vessel vascularity, directly destroy microbes)/ Attract inflammatory cells |
| What is the systemic effect of acute inflammation? | cytokine storm, large quantities of cytokines are released, results in uncontrolled high fever instead of local heating of infected tissue/ Local edema due to vasodilation: massive efflux of fluids out of blood= severe swelling, big increase in BP/ Septic shock= lethal in 30% of patients |
| What is the differences between chemokines and cytokines? | Less pleiotropic, don't induce other cytokines, more specialised functions in inflammation and repair |
| What is the similarities between chemokines and cytokines? | bind to specific cell surface receptors |
| What is the function of chemokines? | gradient for cell migration, hematopoietic precursor cells: cycling regulation and differentiation |
| What are the 3 types of anti-inflammatory drugs? | steroids, cytokine blockers, non steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) |
| What do steroids do? | general immunosuppresive, up-regulate the expression of anti-inflammatory proteins, down-regulate the expression of pro-inflammatory proteins |
| What do cytokine blockers do? | IL-IR antagonist: binds IL-IR= no signal. Used in cases such as rheumatoid arthritis, gout |
| What do NSAIDs do? | COX (cyclo-oxygenase) inhibitors, need postoglandin production (controls vasodilation) |
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