Botany Ch. 10
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54 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 absorption spectrum | Graph that shows which wavelengths are most strongly absorbed by a pigment |
| action spectrum | Shows which wavelengths are most effective at powering a photochemical process |
| anabolic reactions | REQUIRES ENERGY. chemical reactions in which simpler substances are combined to build more complex molecules. |
| anoxygenic photosynthesis | Referring to any process or reaction that does not produce oxygen. Photosynthesis in purple sulfur and purple nonsulfur bacteria, does not involve photosystem II |
| ATP synthase | Large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP. |
| bacteriochlorophylls | chlorophyll used by photosynthetic purple and green bacteria in anoxygenic phototrophs |
| Calvin cycle | Stroma or Dark Reaction, conversion of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates with the use of energy from the light reactions, NADPH & ATP |
| C4 metabolism | a mechanism for absorbing CO2 and transporting it, concentrating it in the leaves. Found in plants with Kranz anatomy: chlorophyllous mesophyll surrounding the vascular bundle. |
| chemiosmotic phosphorylation | protons move down their gradient through ATP synthase channels back into the matrix, and ADP is phosphorylated to ATP |
| chlorophyll | A green pigment located within the chloroplasts of plants. Chlorophyll a can participate directly in the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy. |
| Crassulacean acid metabolism | An adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions, first discovered in the family Crassulaceae. In this process, a plant takes up CO2 and incorporates it into a variety of organic acids at night; during the day, CO2 is released from organic acids for use in the Calvin cycle. |
| cyclic electron transport | The flow of electrons from P700 back to plastoquinone in photosynthesis, such that there is proton pumping but no synthesis of NADPH. |
| cytochromes | Small electron carriers that contain iron. |
| catabolism | Metabolism in which large molecules are broken down into smaller ones |
| electron transport chain | A series of electron carriers that transfer electrons from a donor, which becomes oxidized, to a receptor, which becomes reduced. |
| entropy | A measure of disorder in a system |
| excited state electron | An electron that has absorbed a quantum and moved to a higher orbital; it has more energy than when it is in its ground state |
| ferredoxin | An iron-containing proteinaceous electron carrier in photosynthesis |
| fluorescence | The spontaneous emission of a quantum by an excited electron, which allows the electron to return to its ground state |
| fret | A set of thylakoid membranes that connect grana in chloroplasts. |
| gluconeogenesis | Formation of glucose from 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde. |
| greenhouse effect | The rise in Earth's atmospheric temperature due to heat trapped by increasing levels of carbon dioxide. |
| ground state electron | An electron in its most stable orbital, when it contains the least amount of energy |
| heterotroph | An organism that obtains its carbon from organic molecules, not from carbon dioxide. |
| light compensation point | The level of illumination at which photosynthetic fixation of carbon dioxide just matches respiratory loss. |
| light-dependent reactions | In photosynthesis, the set of reactions directly driven by light |
| noncyclic electron transport | The flow of electrons from water to NADPH during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis |
| oxidation state | A measure of the number of electrons added to or removed from a molecule during an oxidation-reduction reaction |
| oxidative phosphorylation | The formation of ATP from ADP and phosphate, powered by energy released through respiration. |
| oxidize | To raise the oxidation state of a molecule by removing an electron from it. |
| oxidizing agent | An electron carrier that is not carrying electrons. |
| ozone | The form of oxygen that absorbs ultraviolet light in the upper atmosphere. |
| P680 | The reaction center of photosystem II. |
| P700 | The reaction center of photosystem I. |
| photoautotroph | An organism that obtains its energy through photosynthesis and its carbon from dioxide. |
| photophosphorylation | The formation of ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of light energy; a part of photosynthesis. |
| photorespiration | The oxidation of phosphoglycolate produced when RuBP carboxylase adds oxygen, not carbon dioxide, to RuBP. |
| photosynthetic unit | A cluster of photosynthetic pigments and electron carriers embedded in the chloroplast membrane. |
| photosystem II | The pigments and electron carriers that transfer electrons from water to P700 in photosystem I. |
| photosystem I | The pigments and electron carriers that transfer electrons from P700 to NADPH. |
| pigment | Any material that absorbs certain wavelengths specifically and therefore has a distinctive color |
| plastocyanin | A copper-containing electron carrier. |
| plastoquinone | A class of lipid-soluble electron carriers. |
| quality of light | The term referring the colors or wavelengths of light. |
| quantum (pl.: quanta) | A particle of electromagnetic energy. |
| reaction center | A special chlorophyll a molecule actually involved in the transfer of electrons in photosynthesis |
| redox potential | The tendency of a molecule to accept or donate electrons during a chemical reaction. |
| reduce | To lower the oxidation state of a molecule by adding an electron to it |
| reducing agent | A electron carrier that is carrying electrons. |
| reducing power | The ability of an electron carrier to force electrons onto another compound. |
| rubisco | Synonym for RuBP carboxylase, Ribulose carboxylase, the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle (the addition of CO2 to RuBP, or ribulose bisphosphate). |
| stroma reactions | In plant photosynthesis, the set of reactions that occur in the stroma and are not directly powered by light. |
| substrate level phosphorylation | The formation of ATP from ADP by having a phosphate group transferred to it from a substrate molecule |
| Z scheme | The term referring to a diagram of the P680 and P700 photosytems working together. |
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