1.
A sound shadow refers to: how much louder a high-frequency sound is for the ear closest to the sound.
2.
Across species, it appears that the sense organs are most attuned to: biologically useful stimuli.
3.
Across-fiber pattern principle: notion that each receptor responds to a wide range of stimuli and contributes to the perception of every stimulus in its system
4.
Adaptation: decreased response to a stimulus as a result of recent exposure to it
5.
Amplitude: intensity of a sound or other stimulus
6.
Antihistamine drugs tend to ________ itching, and opiates tend to ________ itching.: reduce; increase
7.
Capsaicin: chemical that causes neurons containing substance P to release it suddenly and also directly stimulates pain receptors sensitive to moderate heat
8.
Cochlea: structure in the inner ear containing auditory receptors
9.
Conductive deafness (middle-ear deafness): hearing loss that occurs if the bones of the middle ear fail to transmit sound waves properly to the cochlea
10.
Conductive deafness is also known as:: middle ear deafness
11.
Cross-adaptation: reduced response to one stimulus because of recent exposure to some other stimulus
12.
Damage to the part of the cochlea that sends information about high frequency sounds to the primary auditory cortex could result in:: tinnitus
13.
Dermatome: area of skin connected to a particular spinal nerve
14.
Endorphins: category of chemicals the body produces that stimulate the same receptors as do opiates
15.
Enkephalins: can interact with the same receptors as morphine.
16.
Frequency: number of sound waves per second
17.
Frequency theory: concept that pitch perception depends on differences in frequency of action potentials by auditory neurons
18.
Gate theory: assumption that stimulation of certain nonpain axons in the skin or in the brain can inhibit transmission of pain messages in the spinal cord
19.
Hair cell: type of sensory receptor shaped like a hair; auditory receptors are hair cells
20.
In the otolith organs, the otoliths are calcium carbonate particles that:: push against hair cells when moved.
21.
Labeled-line principle: concept that each receptor responds to a limited range of stimuli and has a direct line to the brain
22.
Loudness: perception of the intensity of a sound
23.
Loudness is to ________ as pitch is to ________.: amplitude; frequency
24.
Nerve deafness (inner-ear deafness): hearing loss that results from damage to the cochlea, the hair cells, or the auditory nerve
25.
Nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS): area in the medulla that receives input from taste receptors
26.
Olfaction: sense of smell
27.
Olfactory cells: neurons responsible for the sense of smell, located on the olfactory epithelium in the rear of the nasal air passages
28.
One hypothesis of synesthesia is:: that some of the axons from one cortical area have branches into another cortical area.
29.
One major difference between olfaction and VNO receptors is that:: VNO receptors do not adapt.
30.
Opioid mechanisms: systems responsive to opiate drugs and similar chemicals
31.
Oval window: membrane of the inner ear, adjacent to the stirrup
32.
Pacinian corpuscle: receptor that responds to a sudden displacement of the skin or highfrequency vibration on the skin
33.
Papilla (pl.: papillae): structure on the surface of the tongue containing taste buds
34.
People with massive damage to the primary auditory cortex:: cannot recognize combinations or sequences of sounds.
35.
Periaqueductal gray area: area of the brainstem that is rich in enkephalin synapses
36.
Pheromone: chemical released by one animal that affects the behavior of other members of the same species
37.
Pinna: outer-ear structure of flesh and cartilage that sticks out from each side of the head
38.
Pitch: experience that corresponds to the frequency of a sound
39.
Place theory: concept that pitch perception depends on which part of the inner ear has cells with the greatest activity leve
40.
Placebo: drug or other procedure with no pharmacological effects
41.
Primary auditory cortex (area A1): area in the temporal lobes in which cells respond best to tones of a particular frequency
42.
Semicircular canal: canal lined with hair cells and oriented in three planes, sensitive to the direction of tilt of the head
43.
Somatosensory system: sensory network that monitors the surface of the body and its movements
44.
Substance P: neurotransmitter released by nerves that are sensitive to pain
45.
Supertasters: people with heightened sensitivity to taste
46.
Synesthesia: experience of one sense in response to stimulation of another sense
47.
Taste buds: structures on the tongue that contain taste receptors
48.
The fact that the various parts of the basilar membrane are tightly bound together is problematic for which of the following?: the place theory
49.
The function of the semicircular canals is to:: detect movement of the head.
50.
The malleus, incus, and stapes are small bones:: which transmit information from the tympanic membrane to the oval window.
51.
The sensory aspect of pain activates the ________ cortex, whereas the emotional aspect activates the ________ cortex.: somatosensory; cingulate
52.
Tinnitus: frequent or constant ringing in the ears
53.
Tympanic membrane: eardrum
54.
Volley principle: tenet that a sound wave of a moderately high pitch may produce a volley of impulses by various fi bers even if no individual fiber can produce impulses in synchrony with the sound waves
55.
Vomeronasal organ (VNO): set of receptors located near, but separate from, the olfactory receptors
56.
What is another name for the tympanic membrane?: eardrum
57.
What is the intensity of a sound wave called?: amplitude
58.
What neurotransmitter is released by axons that carry pain information to the brain?: substance P
59.
What process is predicted by the gate theory of pain?: Non-pain information can inhibit pain information.
60.
Which of the following is TRUE about taste receptors?: Are located mainly along the outside edge of the tongue.
