| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Spinal Cord | Receiving, storing, transmitting information |
| Medulla Oblongata/ Pons | Blood pressure, breathing, heart rate, swallowing, sneezing, both control together and are part of spinal cord |
| Hypothalamus | Regulates release of pituitary hormones and stimulates the pituitary gland to release them |
| Thalamus | Receives messages from sensory organs and relays them to the proper part of the brain to deal with them |
| Corpus Callosum | Physically and functionally connects both sides of the brain |
| Ventricle | Filled with cerebral spinal fluid to protect and nourish the brain |
| Cerebellum | Controls balance, posture, coordination of muscle movement |
| Cerebrum | Controls intelligence, memory, language, senses, and some muscles |
| Optic chiasma | Where the optic nerves cross and enter brain- looks like a small x |
| Olfactory bulb | Smell |
| Pineal gland | Sleeping (produces melatonin) |
| Frontal lobe | Thinking and motor skills (moving body parts, also controls muscles) |
| Temporal lobe | Sensory (perception of heat, cold, pressure, pain) and speech |
| Occipital lobe | Vision |
| Parietal lobe | Hearing |
| Aqueous humor | Watery fluid, helps support eye |
| Vitreous humor | Jelly-like substance to focus light and keep the eye in shape |
| Cornea | Allows light to enter eye and bends it |
| Iris | Controls pupils by dilating and shrinking (constriction) |
| Pupil | Dilates/ contracts depending on light |
| Lens | Focuses light on the retina |
| Sclera | Tough, outer protective layer |
| Choroid | Blood vessels, pigments to prevent light from bouncing- bluish/ black part |
| Retina | Contains rods and cones to convert light into nerve |
| Optic disc | Where the optic nerve attaches to the eye |
| Fovea | Most of the light is focused there |
| Optic nerve | Carries impulses from eye brain |
| Ciliary Body | Muscle that controls shape of lens to see closer or farther things |
| Right Atrium | Receives deoxygenated blood from the vena cava and pumps it into the right ventricle |
| Right Ventricle | Receives deoxygenated blood from right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary artery |
| Tricuspid Valve | Has 3 flaps, closes to prevent backflow of blood from the ventricle to the atrium |
| Left Atrium | Receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein and pumps it into the left ventricle |
| Left Ventricle | Largest, most muscular chamber of heart, pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta to the rest of the body |
| Bicuspid Valve | Closes to prevent backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium |
| Septum | Middle of heart, thick, muscular tissue that separates the two ventricles so the oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood don’t mix |
| Coronary Vessels | Crown of blood vessels surrounding the heart, has its whole own circulatory system |
| Aorta | Largest/ elastic/ thickest/ most muscular artery in body because there is so much pressure on it- pumps blood throughout the body |
| Semilunar Valve | Closes to prevent backflow from the aorta to the left ventricle- also known as semilunar |
| Pulmonary Artery | Pumps blood from the right ventricle into the lungs, only artery that pumps deoxygenated blood |
| Pulmonary Valve | (Semilunar) Closes to prevent backflow from the pulmonary artery to the right ventricle |
| Vena cava | (Superior and inferior) both carry deoxygenated blood from various parts of the body to the left atrium |
| Pulmonary Vein | Only vein in body that carries oxygenated blood, |
| Heartstrings | Hold the valves in place so when there is a lot of blood pressure they don’t break |
| Renal capsule | Outer layer, protects kidney |
| Renal cortex | Filtration occurs there (Proximal Tubule, Bowman’s Capsule, Distal Tubule, Glomerulus) |
| Renal medulla | Holds the loops, Na+ absorbed, Cl- and H20 reabsorbed |
| Renal pyramids | Subdivisions of the medulla, same function as medulla |
| Pelvis | Where urine collects |
| Ureter | Carries urine from kidneys bladder |
| Renal artery | Carries oxygenated blood that needs to be filtered to the kidneys |
| Renal vein | Carries deoxygenated blood from kidneys that is filtered |
| Pinna Ear | flaps to capture sound/ direct it into ear canal |
| External Nares | Openings that allow air to enter nose (nostrils) |
| Mammary Papilla | Nipples on both females and males, for milk |
| Umbilical cord | Cord connecting fetus from mother’s placenta so that the fetus can receive blood and nourishment to continue to grow |
| Umbilical Vein | Carries deoxygenated blood from placenta fetus |
| Umbilical Arteries | Carry oxygenated blood from placenta fetus |
| Genital Papilla | Small triangle in pubic area found only in females, erects for sexual pleasure, is homologous to male penis |
| Urogenital Opening | Small opening right under umbilical cord |
| Scrotal Sac | Contains testes for reproduction |
| Thymus gland | Produces thymosin, to stimulate immune system |
| Thyroid gland | Oval-shaped gland that produces calcitonin and thyroxine, to control metabolic and growth rates |
| Adrenal glands | Produce adrenaline for fight or flight situations |
| Pancreatic Islets | Parts of the pancreas, to produce insulin |
| Trachea | Air goes down trachea into bronchi into lungs- also called windpipe |
| Lung | Breathing, when the fetus is born it takes in oxygen for the first time |
| Diaphragm | Controls breathing rate, pulls air in and pushes air out |
| Tongue | Muscular structure located in the oral cavity used for the manipulation of food in the mouth |
| Esophagus | Muscular passageway that pushes food from the mouth and oral cavity into the stomach and oral cavity into the stomach |
| Stomach | Stores digests food using chemicals and muscular contractions |
| Pancreas | Secretes pancreatic juice for digestion, also secretes insulin to keep blood sugar levels steady |
| Liver | Produces bile to break down fat into small droplets |
| Gall bladder | Stores bile |
| Small intestine | Food absorption into blood/ lymph, villi increase surface area |
| Cecum | Similar to appendix, breaks down bacteria, where small and large intestines meet, also breaks down cellulose |
| Large intestine | Water reabsorption occurs, vitamins B and K produced |
| Rectum Stores | undigested food/ waste products (feces) |
| Anus | Removes feces from body |
| Coronary arteries | bring oxygenated blood to heart |
| Coronary veins | brings deoxygenated blood to the heart |
| Vena Cava | Takes blood from organs back to heart |
| Right atrium | Receives blood from the vena cava and gives it to right ventricle |
| Pulmonary artery | Brings deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, only artery to pump deoxygenated blood |
| Pulmonary vein | Bring oxygenated blood from lungs to the right atrium- only vein to pump oxygenated blood only vein to pump oxygenated blood |
| Left atrium | Receives blood from pulmonary vein and gives it to left ventricle |
| Left ventricle | Pumps blood through the aorta throughout the rest of the body the body |
| Aorta | Largest artery, delivers blood to the whole body |
| Spleen | Stores blood, produces lymphocytes |
| Ductus arteriosis | Duct found only in fetus, causes blood to jump to aorta |
| Foramen ovale | Hole in septum that connects left/ right ventricles |
| Renal artery | Bring oxygenated blood to kidneys |
| Renal veins | Bring deoxygenated blood to kidneys |
| Kidneys | Control water levels in body, remove wastes |
| Ureter | Connects kidneys to bladder |
| Urinary bladder | Where wastes are stored |
| Ovaries | Where eggs are produced and stored in females |
| Oviducts | Tubes that eggs travel through and mature in to get to the uterus where they meet the sperm the uterus where they meet the sperm |
| Uterus | Where fetus grows |
| Vagina | Accepts penis during sexual intercourse, takes in sperm during ejaculation |
| Testes | Produce sperm and hold them until they are mature |
| Epididymis | Storage unit/ transportation for sperm |
| Ductus Deferens | Sperm carried through them turn into semen |
| Seminal Vesicles | Stimulate uterine contractions, help sperm move |
| Bulbourethral glands | Put material on sperm to neutralize acidity of vagina, and also help with lubrication for swimming |
| Penis | Where sperm exits body, male reproductive organ, erects for sexual intercourse, for pleasure |
| Urethra | Where semen/ urine exit |
| Cranial | Toward the head |
| Caudal | Toward the tail |
| Anterior | Toward the front (toward the head in a quadruped= cranial) |
| Posterior | Toward the back (toward the tail in a quadruped = caudal) |
| Medial | Toward the middle of the body, or median plane |
| Lateral | Pertaining to the side of the body, away from the median plane |
| Proximal | End of a limb near its attachment |
| Rostral | Toward the front of the head |
| Dorsal | A direction toward the surface of the back of a quadruped |
| Ventral | A direction toward the underside of a quadruped |
| Distal | End of a limb farthest from its attachment |
| Frontal Plane | A plate bisecting the frontal suture between the frontal and parietal bones, separating an animal into dorsal and ventral parts. For example: a median longitudinal plane passing from right to left. |
| Sagittal Plane | A plane bisecting the sagittal suture of the skin, separating an animal into left and and right sides. For example: a median, longitudinal plane passing from dorsal to ventral. |
| Transverse Plane | A plate of the body crossing its longitudinal axis at right angles, separating an animal into cranial and caudal portions. |
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