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First aid Immediate care given to a victim of injury or sudden illness until more advanced care can be obtained. First responder A person trained in emergency care that may be called on to give such care as a routine part of his or her job. Good Samaritan laws Laws that protect people who willingly give first aid without accepting anything in return. Injury Damage that occurs when the body is subjected to an external force. such as a blow, a fall, a collision, an electrical current or temperature extremes. Life-threatening emergency An illness or injury that impairs a victim's ability to circulate oxygenated blood to all the parts of his or her body. Non-life threatening emergency A situation that does not have an immediate impact on a victim's ability to circulate oxygenated blood, but still requires medical attention. Types of Emergencies Two types......Sudden illness and injury..... Sudden illness a physical condition that requires immediate medical attention. Some EXAMPLES include: heart attack and a severe allergic reaction. Injury is damage to the body from an external force, such as a broken bone from a fall. Citizen Responders role: includes: Recognizing that an emergency exists. Deciding to act. Taking action by calling 911 or the local emergency number. Giving care until medical help arrives. Barriers to action The presence of bystander.......Uncertainty about the victim......The nature of the injury or illness....Fear of disease trransmission....Fear of not knowing what to do or of doing something wrong...Being unsure of when to call 911. Bystanders can be of great help which include: you can ask them to call for , meet and direct the ambulance, keep the area free of unnecessary traffic,, or help you give first,, you might send them for blankets or other supplies, they may even have valuable information about what happened or may know the victim's medical history. Bystanders can also help comfort the victim and others at the scene. Overcoming barriers Thinking about these barriers and mentally preparing yourself to overcome them will help you respond more confidently when an actual emergency occurs. Consent Permission to give care, given by the victim to the rescuer. Emergency action steps: Three basic steps you should take in any emergency: CHECK-CALL-CARE- CHECKING SCENE Is the scene safe..What happened...How many victims are there...Are bystanders available to help CHECKING VICTIM Unconsciousness......Trouble breathing.....No signs of Life(normal breathing or movement) and, for Children and Infants, no pulse......Severe bleeding .... make to get CONSENT form conscious adult before you begin to give care on conscious adult ALONE SITUATION YOU SHOULD CALL FIRST-911 BEFORE GIVING CARE FOR: an unconscious adult victim or adolescent age 12 or older. A witnessed sudden collapse of a child or infant....An unconscious infant or child known to be at a high risk for heart problems CALL FIRST SITUATION Are likely to be CARDIAC EMERGENCIES, SUCH AS: SUDDEN CARDIAC ARREST, WHERE TIME IS CRITICAL. CARE FIRST SITUATION that is, provide 2 MINUTES OF CARE, THEN CALL 911 OR THE LOCAL EMERGENCY NUMBER FOR AN * Unconscious victim younger than age 12 when the collapse has not been witnessed.. *Any victim of a drowning CARE FIRST SITUATION... ARE likely to be related to breathing emergencies rather than sudden cardiac arrest. In these situations provide (ABCs) through rescue breaths and chest compressions, as appropriate. Consent Permission to give care, given by the victim to the rescuer Direct contact transmission Occurs when infected blood or body fluids from one person enter another person's body at a correct entry site. Disease transmission The passage of a disease from one person to another. Implied consent Legal concept that assumes a person would consent to receive emergency care if he or she were physically able to do so. Indirect contact transmission Occurs when a person touches objects that have the blood or body fluid of an infected person, and that infected blood or body fluid enters the body through a correct entry site Personal protective equipment The equipment and supplies that help prevent the rescuer from directly contacting infected materials Standard precautions Safety measures taken to prevent exposure to blood and body fluids when giving care to ill or injured persons. Pathogen germ Infection when pathogens enter the body, they can sometimes overpower the body's natural defense systems and cause illness. Bacteria and Viruses cause infectious diseases,,including the common cold Bacterial meningitis and tetanus are examples of diseases caused by bacteria Emergency Moves Walking Assist,,,Pack-strap.....Two-person seat carry....Clothes drag Airway The pathway for air from the mouth and nose to the lungs Arteries Large blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body Body system A group of organs and other structures that work together to carry out specific functions Bone A dense, hard tissue that forms the skeleton. Brain The center of the nervous system: controls all body functions. Cells The basic units of all living tissue. Heart A muscular organ that circulates blood throughout the body. Lungs A pair of light, spongy organs in the chest that provide the mechanism for taking oxygen in and removing carbon dioxide during breathing. Muscle A fibrous tissue that is able to contract, allowing and causing movement of organs and body parts Nerve A part of the nervous system that sends impulses to and from the brain and all body parts Organ A collection of similar tissues acting together to perform specific body functions Pulse The beat you feel with each heart contraction Skin The tough, supple membrane that covers the surface of the body Spinal Cord A bundle of nerves extending from the brain at the base of the skull to the lower back: protected by the spinal column Tissue A collection of similar cells that act together to perform specific body functions Veins Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from all parts of the body to the heart. Respiratory system includes: Pharynx, larynx, and trachea Respiratory Distress Trouble breathing Circulatory system Works with the respiratory system to carry oxygen-rich blood to every body cell. Cyanosis The victim's skin, particularly the lips and under the nails, may have a blue tint Respiratory Arrest A victim who stops breathing Cardiopulmonary resuscitation or (CPR) combination of compressions and breaths Head-tilt/chin-lift technique Technique used to open a victim's airway by pushing down on the forehead while pulling up on the bony part of the jaw. Signs of Life Normal breathing or movement. CHECKING FOR LIFE-THREATENING CONDITIONS AFTER CHECKING THE SCENE CHECK FOR LIFE-THREATENING CONDITIONS INCLUDE: Unconsciousness,,,Trouble breathing....No signs of life.(Normal breathing or movement)and, for children and infants, no pulse......Severe bleeding. Unconscious Victim CALL FIRST: Always life-threatening condition... Call 9-1-1 or the local emergency immediately...WHETHER .. AN unconscious adult victim or adolescent age 12 or older,,,,,An unconscious infant of child known to be high risk for heart problems....A witnessed sudden collapse of a child or infant Unconscious Victim CARE FIRST: That is, give 2 minutes of care, then call 9-1-1 or the local emergency number for: An unwitnessed collapse of an unconscious person younger than 12 years old... Any victim of a Drowning Recovery Position If you must leave the scene to call 9-1-1 or the local emergency # carefully position an unconscious victim on one side in case he or she vomits while you are gone. ROLL the victim onto his or her side, and bend the top leg and move it forward. Position the head and neck so that the face is angled toward the ground. Avoid twisting the neck and back as you roll the victim onto his or her side. If you suspect a head, neck or back injury do not move the victim unnecessarily Pulse Check for Child and infant To find if heart is beating, check for a pulse for no more than 10 seconds. To check signs of Life look for normal breathing or movement, then check for a pulse for no more than 10 seconds for children and infants if no breathing or movement is found. Pulse Check for Child Carotid arteries located in the neck take no more than 10 seconds to feel for the pulse on the side closer to you Pulse Check for Infant Brachial Pulse in upper arm on side closer to you Life-threatening conditions unconsciousness, trouble breathing, no signs of life and severe bleeding. Non-Life threatening conditions interview the victim and any bystanders and perform a head to toe examination(toe-to-head for a child or infant) to find and care for any other injuries. Airway obstruction Complete or partial blockage of the airway, which prevents air from reaching a person's lungs, the most common cause of respiratory emergencies Anatomical airway obstruction Complete or partial blockage of the airway by the tongue or swollen tissues of the mouth and throat. Aspirate Inhalation of blood, vomit or other foreign material into the lungs Cynaotic Bluish discoloration of the skin around the mouth or the fingertips resulting from a lack of oxygen in the blood. Mechanical airway obstruction Complete or partial blockage of the airway by a foreign object, such as a piece of food or a small toy,,or by fluids such as vomit or blood. Rescue breathing A technique of breathing for a non-breathing child or infant. Respiratory arrest A condition in which breathing has stop Respiratory distress A condition in which breathing is difficult Stoma An opening in the front of the neck through which a person whose larynx has been removed breathes. Anaphylactic Shock severe allergic reaction Hyperventilation occurs when breathing is faster than normal Angina pectoris Chest pain that comes and goes at different times, commonly associated with cardiovascular disease Asystole A condition where the heart has stopped generating electrical activity Atherosclerosis A condition in which fatty deposits build up on the walls of the artieries Cardiac arrest A condition in which the heart has stopped beating or beats too ineffectively to generate a pulse Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) A technique that combines chest compressions and rescue breathing for a victim whose heart and breathing have stopped Cholesterol A fatty substance made by the body and found in certain foods, too much in the blood can cause fatty deposits on artery walls that may restrict or block blood flow. Coronary arteries Blood vessels that supply the heart muscle with oxygen-rich blood Coronary hear disease aka(Coronary artery disease) Occurs when the coronary arteries that supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle become hardened or narrowed from the build-up of fatty deposits Defibrillation An electrical shock that disrupts the electrical activity of the heart long enough to allow the heart to spontaneously develop an effective rhythm on its own. Heart Attack A sudden illness involving the death of heart muscle tissue when it does not receive oxygen-rich blood, also known as myocardial infarction Risk factors Conditions or behaviors that increase the chance that a person will develop a disease. Ventricular Fibrillation (V-fib) An abnormal heart rhythm characterized by disorganized electrical activity, which results in the quivering of the ventricles Ventricular tachycardia (V-tach) An abnormal heart rhythm characterized by rapid contractions of the ventricles