Chapter 10
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35 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 AIDS | the name of the late stages of HIV infection |
| Anticodon | Base triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule |
| Bacteriophage | A virus that infects bacteria |
| Codon | Three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal |
| DNA ligase | Catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of a new DNA fragment to the 5' end of a growing chain |
| DNA polymerase | Enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA by the addition of nucleotides to the existing chain |
| Double helix | The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape |
| Exon | A coding region of a eukaryotic gene |
| HIV | The infectious agent that causes AIDS |
| Intron | A noncoding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene. |
| Lysogenic cycle | Phage replication cycle in which the virus does not kill the host |
| Lytic cycle | A type of viral replication cycle resulting in the release of new phages by death or lysis of the host cell |
| Messenger RNA | a type of RNA that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein |
| Molecular Biology | The study of the molecular basis of genes and gene expression |
| Mutagen | Chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation |
| Nucleotide | Building block of a nucleic acid |
| Polynucleotide | A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers |
| Promoter | A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase and indicates where to start transcribing mRNA |
| Prophage | a phage genome that has been inserted into a specific site on the bacterial chromosome |
| Reading frame | The way a cell's mRNA-translating machinery groups the mRNA nucleotides into codons |
| Retrovirus | An RNA virus |
| Reverse transcriptase | Enzyme encoded by some RNA viruses that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis |
| Ribosomal RNA | The most abundant type of RNA |
| RNA polymerase | An enzyme that links together the growing chain of ribonucleotides during transcription |
| RNA splicing | The removal of noncoding portions of the RNA molecule after initial synthesis |
| Start codon | Specific three-nucleotide sequence (AUG) to which an initiator tRNA molecule binds |
| Stop codon | One of three triplets (UAG, UAA, UGA) that signal gene translation to stop |
| Sugar-phosphate backbone | The alternating chain of sugar and phosphate to which the DNA and RNA nitrogenous bases are attached |
| terminator | a special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene |
| transcription | The synthesis of RNA on a DNA template |
| Transfer RNA | An RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language |
| Translation | The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule |
| Translocation | When the RNA carrying the growing polypeptide moves from the A site to the P site on the ribosome |
| Triplet code | A set of three-nucleotide-long words that specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains |
| Uracil (U) | a single-ring nitrogenous base found in RNA but not DNA |
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